Two species of the genus Thelephora from Yunnan are reported in this paper, i. e. Thelephora vialis Schw. and T. aurantiotincta Corner. They are good edible species, known as "Gamba-jun" in Yunnan, China. Among them, T. aurantiotincta is new to China. They are common in the middle Yunnan and occur in coniferous woods or in mixed woods during midsummer and autumn. These two species are redescribed in the paper.

A cytoplasmic serine􊄯thronine protein kinase gene (OsSTK), had been cloned from Oryza genus. It was found high conservative and constitutive expression in Oryza. OsSTK gene had two exons, separated by 114 bp short intron. The open reading frame of OsSTK gene that predicted encoded a 419 amino acids protein . The amino acid sequence of OsSTK had low identities ( less than 53% ) with any other known protein kinase . The phylogenetic tree based on the partial DNA sequences of OsSTK from different species and types of wild rice and cultivated rice, was close to the taxation system of
rice . Interestingly , OsSTK had a serine, including basic amino acids and charged amino acids abundant polypeptide with a “GDGDGDGDG”sequence at N- terminal that had not been found in any other genes. OsSTK may play dual specificity that phosphorylates both serine􊄯thronine and tyrosone, because the amino acids module of VIb , VIII and XI catalytic domain have both the serine􊄯thronine and tyrosine kinase characters .

The research into the areal-types of genera of Chinese seed plants started since 1952.At that time,the joint efforts of Chinese botanists succeeded in preparing the key to genera of seed plants from China.Although this key was very preliminary,it became the very basic yet clear outline of this research about the areal-types of genera of seed plants.Subsequently,a preliminary analysis was made based on all connection with the consideration on the problems about regionalization of Chinese flora during a visit of a Chinese scientific delegation to Soviet Russia.

According to preliminary statistics, there are 26 276~27 268 species in 3 200 genera of 337 families (among them 191 ~l95 species in 36 genera of 10 families belong to Gymnospermae, 4 493~4 661 species in 679 genera of 57 families belong to Monocotyledoneae) in China. In order to provide elementary data for the intensive floristic study from China, the areal~types, arrange- ment in sequence from big to small, endemism of the families, genera and species in seed plants from China are displayed and analysed respectively. Moreover, various floristic or concrete re-gions are compared at the species level in this paper.

Mammal frugivory and apparent seed dispersal of Balanophora harlandii (Balanophoraceae) in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China is reported for the first time. The possibility of the conspicuous, fleshy, spadiciform infructescences mimicking mushrooms for dispersal by mycophagous rodents is discussed.

The biological invasion has become a major challenge on global development, especially for whole developing country like China. However, the background data of invasive species in China is still far from completed, and the relevant investigation of the Chinese invasive inforatmion has not been fully available yet today. The huge ecological and economic impacts caused by various invasive species have not been fully noticed or observed by the relative institutions and scientists, plus the ignorance of dangerous invasion with the introduction of alien species. Based on various literatures, the history and culture of invasive plant species, their invasive status and impact on ecological security and economic loss in China have been fully reviewed; and the problems existed and mangement measures of alien invasive plants in China have been fully proposed and summarized in order to provide basic information on the management of invasive plant species in China, and appeal to the government and the community to improve their RiskPrevention strategies and great sense of urgency with alien invasive plants in China.

Yunnan is a mountainous plateau which is controlled by tropical monsoon.The whole relief of Yunnan is high in the north and low in the south. Even though the altitude declines with the latitude from north to south, the horizontal differentiation is evident and each zone of vegetation latitudinally distributes over a hundred kilometres. Therefore, it may be cal1ed "horizontal zones of the mountainous plateaus type".The major zonal vegetation changes from the south to north as follows:tropical rain forest and monsoon forest -molisoon evergreen broad-leaf forest in southern part of subtropical zone - semi-humid evergreen broad-leaf forest in northern part of subtropica1 zone. Each of these vegetations are distributed in the basin of plateau or in the wide valley and the lower slope of the mountains surrounding these basins, where, the level of horizonta1 zones are founded.

China is extraordinarily rich in flora which in their turn are very complex.Their orgin may trace back to a high antiquity,and what is more,it is one of the crtical regions for researching floristics of the flowing plants in the world.Through putting to order the recent materials,works have been done in the analytic and comparative study of the geographical elements and the floristic compositions of community dominant in different localities,and the author is thereupon able to classify them into 2 kingdoms,7 subkingdoms and 22 regions altogether.

Several VQ proteins are recently identified as WRKY factorsinteracting partners in Arabidopsis and involved in regulating physiological processes. Searching of genomic databases found that VQ gene family is specific to land plants and these VQ genes encode proteins characteristic of a conserved VQmotif. It consists of 34 representatives in Arabidopsis and can be divided into two groups based on the similarity of the amino acid sequences. To understand the functions of Arabidopsis VQ proteins, we examined the expression profiles of AtVQ genes in various defenserelated hormones treatments. qRTPCR analysis revealed that a majority of them were differently regulated in response to salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), or 1aminocyclopropane1carboxylate (ACC). And some members are induced by two of these three hormones. Moreover, four members (AtVQ3, AtVQ18, AtVQ23 and AtVQ24) are induced by SA, MeJA and ACC simultaneity. However, there is only one AtVQ gene (AtVQ27) is upregulated after spraying of abscisic acid (ABA). These results suggest that Arabidopsis VQ genes may be involved in plant defense responses.

In this paper, some of the recent developments on the utilization of medicinal plant resources in China is presented. A three-fold developing program toward the better utiltzation of Chinese medicinal plant resources has been discussed. This includes, firstly, enlarging the resources and improving the quality of the medicinal plants;seccondly, developing new preparations or other products from medicinal plants; and thirdly, searching for new drugs emerged from medicinal plants. All the processes of development mentioned above require an inter-penetrating effort of multidiciplinary research.

Based on the 2 vegetation-types, 9 formations and 16 associations of the tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, which have been summarized, revised and renamed by the author, this paper deals with the statistical data of 434 main plant species of 16 association tables of the ecological structure features. A computer data base of all species has been established with the fea-tures of their presence in vegetation types, structure layers, life form types and the ecological morphological features of their leaves. Based on the data base, it has summarized the diversity fea-tures of ecological structures such as the horizontal and altitudinal structures, the spectrums of life form, leaf scale, leaf pattern, leaf texture.leaf margin, leaf apex in the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna . These features are similar to those of the typical tropical rain forest of Sutheast Asia, but the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna has several north-margin features. As for the features of ecological structures of all plant species, there are more diversity features in this transitional north-margin rain forest than in the typical ones.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal status of 65 plant species growing in the dryhot valley of Jinsha River (Binchuan and Yongsheng Counties) was surveyed by means of acid stain after the roots were lysised in alkaline solution.It was found that plants growing in different areas of the dryhot valley of Jinsha River shown a different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal infection and infection intensity.Most of common plant species growing in the dryhot valley of Jinsha River usually formed arbuscular mycorrhizae.The arbuscular mycorrhizal status of a definite plant species in different parts of the river may be relative to its mycorrhizal dependency.

The phylogeny of the genus Machilus was analysed by means of Bayesian Inference of nrDNA ITS sequences. Our results indicated that Machilus is a monophyletic clade within the Persea group, and its persistent and spreading to reflexed tepals on fruit are an important character for its generic delimitation against the related genera Phoebe , Alseodaphne and Persea . This study rejects the former infrageneric systematic arrangement of Machilus based on the pubescence type of tepals abaxially and the size of fruit , but suggests that the type of inflorescences may be valuable for the understanding of its infrageneric evolution . However , the species relationships within Machilus are poorly resolved . Samplings of additional taxa from Machilus and more powerful markers are needed in further study .

Based on the researching practice of introduction and domestication of a large amount of economic plants in the past 20 years in wet tropical regions of Xishuangbanna,this paper notes that it is not only necessary to improve the method but also imperative to sum up the experience of the past study and to raise the lecel in theory.

Species nova valde insignis,cum generbus affinibus Colysis Presl,Microsrium Link,Leptochilus Kaulf.concatenatans. Frondibus fertilibus biformibus;frondibus fertibus non contractis et sterilibus ambitu cum iis Colysis hemionitiideae (Wall.) Presl optime congruentibus,interdum iis specierum Microsorii[e.g.M.zipelii(Bl.)Ching] etiam similibus;frondidus fertilibus contractis iis spicierum Leptochili Kaulf.plus minusve proximis.Sporis speciei hujus iis Colysis hemitomae(Hance)Ching similibus,i.e.sporodermatibus acute spinulosis,sed iis Colysis hemionitideae (Wall.)Presl inermibus.

Species affinis L.austinii, a qua differt folio late ovato; cellulis laminalibus uniPapiLlatis, papillis unguLatis; dentibus dense papillosis. PlaNta media, caespitosa, caeepitibus flavovirentibus vel brunnei-vitidibus, opacis. Caulie reptans matrici adnatus, irregulariter ramosus. Folia late ovata, acuta, marginibus integeris; nervo valido, infra summum apicem folii evanido; cellulis laminalibus subrotundatis, dorso et ventre unipapillatis, papillis ungulatis. Monoica. Bracteae perichaetii vaginantae, acutae; cellulis non papilla-tis, hyalinis. Theca longi-ovata. Operculum breviter alte rostratum. Exostomii dentes dense papillosi. Spora maior brunnea papillosa.

Specis V.fleuryana Tar- dieu affinis sed differt foliis nervis latcralibus 12-14-jugis, apice acu- minatis; filamcntis antheris aequ- antibus, basi dilatais, anthcris apice obtusis differt.Arbor sempervirens 34-40 m alta, trunco 40-90 cm in diam- cntro; cortex griseus .Folia subcor- iacea, oblongo-lanceo-lata, 9 -19 cm longa, 2.5- 5 cm lta, apice acuminata basi rotundata vel late cuneata, nlargine integra, praeter costam utringque pilis stellatis sparse obtecta cetcrum glabran, nervis lateralibus 12-14- jugis utrinque clveatis; petiolis 1.5- 2 cm longis, dense fulvo- stellato-pubesecntibus.

Sect. Benecinctae Fedde ex C.Y. Wu et T.Y. Shu is an alpine-group of genus Corydalis distribting at the adjoining region of Yunnan, Sichuan and Xizang. It is a quite natural group and differs frorn other groups of Corydalis by its own morphological characters. It was established by Fedde in 1928 (Fedde in Fedde Rep. 25:221, 1928) and afterwards fallen under the grade Subsect. Benecinctae Fedde by the same auther and belonging to his Sect. Eucorydalis Fedde (Fedde in Engler et Prantl, Natural Pflanzenfam. 17b: 134, 1936). Owing to Fedde's Section without a Latin description and some new species discovered in recent years have broken the bounds of Fedde's concept of this Section. It is necessary to rebuild the Fedde's Section and to add Latin description amplifying the contents.

The habitat of mountains is the wettest dtle to the cloud belt and orog- rapllic rain. The vegetations of vertical zone all possess wet charactcr. The main vergetation of tropical mountains is the mountain rain forest; and the vertical zone of subtropica1 mountains is characterized by the humid evergreen broad-leaf forest.In the subtropical region, the enviroments of incised valley are very dry and hot because of the influences of a strong local up-valley air current and the foehn. The main vegetation at the bottom of the dry valley is the type of Savannah and succulent thornbush, which should be a product of the local enviroment or an azonal vegetation.

Species C. taliensi (W. W. Sm.) Melchior affinis, a qua differt foliis majoribus, 14-16 (-18) cm. longis, 4-6 (-8) cm. latis; floribus majoribus sub anthesi ad 6-8 cm. diam., ovario glabro. A C. irrawadiensi P. K. Barua foliis minoribus, 8-11.5 cm. longis, 3-4 cm. latis, stigmate 4-lobato, ovariis puberulis recedit.

The present article studies the aquatic vegetation of the following lakes of Yunnan plateau: Dian Chi, Erhai, Zhibi Hu, Jian Hu, Xingyun Hu, Fuxian Hu, Julu Hu, Yru Hu, Yanzhong Hai, Lugu Hu, Chen Hai, Chan Hu.Ecological analysis shows that distribution of the aquatic plant commnunities in lake is close relative to the physical and chemical environments, perticularly, to the depth and transparcncy of lake water. At the Yunnan plateau, the more depth of lake water is, the more transparency the water reaches and in the more water deep the aquatic plants can grow. For example, the maximum water depth of the Lake Fuxian Hu is 164 m, maximum transparency in this lake reaches 8.5 m, and the plants can grow in the water of 20 m deep; in the Lake Yru Hu maximum depth of water is 5 m, maximum transparency is 1.8 m, the plants can grow in the water about 3 m deep.

Species affinis A.cissifolii (Greff. et Seem.) Harms, sed stylis ad basim 1/2-2/3 connatis, foliolis supra pauce setosis differt.Frutex erectus 1-3 m. altus, ramulis grauci-flavis, sparse aculeatis, aculeo erecto 4 mm. longo, ad basim ob1ongo dilatato, paulo retrorso. Folia 5-foliolis,petiolo 5-10 cm. longo, praeter apice pubescentem glabro, sparse spinuloso;foliolis chartaceis, oblanceolatis vel elliptici-lanceolatis 4(-5)-6(-7) cm. longis, 1.5-2 (-2.5)cm. latis, apice acuminatis vel longe acuminatis, basi cuneatis, margine praeter basi integro duplicato-serratis;supra tantum nervis sparse setosis cetero glabris, nervis lateralibus 6-8-jugis utrinque paulo conspicuis, venulis supra paulo impressis; petiolulo 3-5mm. longo. Umbellae terminales multiflorae; flores ignoti.Infructescentiae axis ca. 4cm. longus, glabrus, pedicellis fructuum 5-7mm. longis,valde parum pubescentibus vel glabris. Fructus jonior globosus 6-7mm. diam.,6-angulatus; stylis 5, persistentibus 2-3mm. longis, ad basim 1/2-2/3 connatis.

Based on the investigation of the tropical rain forest (each one for tropical seasonal rain forest and tropical montane rain forest) in Xishuangbanna, all published and unpublished plant community types from 1980's to nowaday have been summarized, revised and renamed. Then, a regional complete system of vegetation classification has been sorted out:2 vegetation-types(TSRF and TMRF) ,9 formations and 16 plant community types(associations), each community type with a brief association table to show the diversity features of community type of tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna. The tropical seasonal rain forest (TSRF) is a longitudinal zonational vegetation type in the southern part of Xishuangbanna, in which the hill rain forest is a more typical type. The tropical montane rain forest (TMRF) is an altitudinal zonational vegetation type in the southern part of the Xishuangbanna while it is a longitudinal zonational vegetation type in the northern part of same area, and a non-zonational (azonational) vegetaion type exists also in the southern part of the same area at higher altitude. All of these show the diversity features of zonational vegetaion types in the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna.

Proximum A. brunneo Hand.-Mazz., quod caulibus altioribus, foliis majo-ribus usque ad 6 cm longis 11 cm latis secus caulem aequaliter dispositis, sepalo superiore nayiculari fronte haud constricto breviter rostrato, petalorum labiis duplo brevioribus facile differt.

Species S. malaccensi Merr. et Perry affinis, sed inflorescentiis terminali- bus 6-8 cm longis rnultifloris, nervis lateralibus pluribus 13-20-jugis differt. Arbor circ. 13 m alta; ramulis teretibus in sicco cinereo-brunneis. Folia coriacea elliptica;vel oblonga 10-l8 cm longa 4- 7 cm lata, apice bre- viter acuta, acumine obtuso, basi late cuneata, supra olivacea nitidula, subtus brunneo-viridia, nervis lateralibus 13-20-jugis inter se 6-l0 mm remotis, a costa sub angulo 70' abeuntibus, sub marginem 2 mm anastomosantibus, supra visibilibus subtus elevatis, venis reticulatis conspicuis; petiolis 1 -1.5 cm longis.

The areal-type means distribution map of certain plants always same or nearly same. This is an important method in floristic research to divide distribution into different areal-types. More than 3116 gen-era of seed plants have been recorded in China. They have been classified into 15 areal-types and 37 sub-types . The certain number represent certain areal type such as number 2 always means pantropic distribu-tion pattern. After repeated to tests and uses, it has been proved that characteristics and relationships of each areal type can be showen by such classification. A classification precept of families of seed plants of the world has been proposed at present paper.

Gastrodin is a phenol g1ucoside,It was obtained from Gastrodia elata Blume .(Orchidaceae) and synthdized by Chow Jun etc. The authors report on the sedative and anticonvulsant effects oof synthetic gastrodin and its genin as follows. From the above findings, synthetic gastrodin and its genin might be a safe sedative drug used for treatment of neurasthenia mental hyperexicitation,anxiety and inxomnia etc.

Based on literatures of invasive plants, the scientific names of thirty alien invasive plants in China are reviewed here, since more than one name were used for one species by different anthers. The data from the floras updated were employed to compile the scientific name for each species. The vernacular name, basionym (if present), synonym(s) for each species, along with their distributions in China were provided.

Hydrobryum Endlicher Gen. Pl .: 1375 1841, pro parte; Tulasne, Ann. Sci. Nat.,ser. 3, 11: l03 1849; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5:63 1886; Willis, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 1:235 1902; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 18a: 52 1930; Ohwi, Fl. Jap.: 393 1965; C. D. K. Cook Water Pl. of World. 460, 1974. Euhydrobryum Koidzuofi, in Doi, Fl. Satsum. 2: 98 1931.

Six constituents were isolated from the roots of Sageretia gracilis Dunn et Spr., a anti-tumor plant in Yunnan. On the basis of spectrometric analysis (IR. NMR. MS.) and preparation of derivatives, five of them were identified as hordenine (I), syringic acid (), vanillic acid (), 6-sitosterol and palmitic acid. The anti-tumor activity of hordenine (I) is explemented as 50.5% for S 180.

Subcellular localization of AtNCED3 , AtAAO3 and AtSDR1 proteins, and dynamic changes of ABA levels in root and leaf were investigated in the present study . Results showed that the guard cells were not the main site of ABA biosynthesis, and SDR might play an important role in ABA precursor processing and transportation . The transcription level of ABA synthase gene in roots was significantly higher than that in leaves under dehydration condition , while the ABA concentration in leaf tissues were 10 times higher than root . Detection of ABA concentration in both detached leaves and attached leaves suggested that ABA accumulation in leaves was mainly derived from root-sourced ABA, it was confirmed that ABA synthesis in roots was affected by the supply of precursor carotenoids with the fluridone treatment and shading experiments. These data revealed that ABA levels in leaves were regulated by root-sourced ABA transportation and leaf-sourced carotenoids supply. Our present results showed that vascular system might be involved in the coordination and integration of this complex regulatory mechanism for ABA signal accumulation. The conclusion provided relevant information for exploring molecular mechanism of stress signal transduction, manipulating endogenous ABA levels, and enhancing plants resistance
against environmental stresses .

Distributive rule of the soil moisture of rain-forest changes with different seasons.In rainy season moisture content of the soil decreases with the increases with the increase of depth in soil profile.In dry season moisture content of the soil increase with the increase of depth in soil profile.In fog season moisture content of soil is similar to the dry season,but both the intensity and depth of vertical gradient variation of soil moisture are lower than that of dry season.

Gastrodia is a genus of over 20 specics, cxtending from Madagascar to tropical Asia and Oceania, and northwards to Japan, China and the Far East of Soviet Union. There are so far nine species recorded in China, five of which are generally recognized as distinct species, including the recently discovcred G.tuberculata P.Y.Liu et S. C. Chen. However, G. mairei Schltr. is reduced here to a synonym of G. elata Bl., based on an cxamination of the isotype (Maire 13) preserved in Oakcs Ames Orchid Herbarium.

The sexual reproduction in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperature stresses, thus temperature is fatal to reproductive success. This review describes studies of temperature stress on plant sexual reproductions, which suggests that pollen development may be the most sensitive reproductive stage. Transcriptome and proteomic studies shows that the genes including calmodulin, calcium dependent protein kinase 2, HSFs, and HSPs, might be involved in heat stress response pathways that function during pollen development. Understanding how plants cope with stress during reproductive development provides the oppotunity to identify genetic traits that can improve temperature tolerance in selected crop breeding and agronomic plants by genetic engineering.

This paper recited the history of plant germplasm cryopreservation, exhibited the diversity of cryopreservated plant materials, analysed biological foundation of plant cryotolerance, causes and types of cryo-injury, described the key techniques of frequently-used cryopreservation methods, and paid special attention to cryopreservation of plant germplasm of species producing recalcitrant seeds. Based on analysis of potential, status and difficulties, the author thought that regard to cryopreservation of plant germplasm of recalcitrant-seeded species there are much to do, for it was the keystone and difficult part of plant germplasm cryopreservation.

Dragon's blood is one of important traditional medicine which was used as early as A.D.400 in China.These still having not been used this medicinal product in home and which came from abroad ,according to literatures in historical CHinese Herbs,It came from African countries in ancient time and which was named as African Dragon's Blood.Commercially,another came from tropical eastsouth Asia in recent time and was named as Indonesean Dragon's Blood,Both have same effect in medicinal use,but their differential materials in character are quite distingnished.The resource of Indonesian Dragon's Blood is Daemonorops spp.belonging to Agacaceae and the resource of Indonesian Dragon's Blood if Daemonorops spp.The latter are belonging to Palmaceae.The ture chinese traditional Dragon's Blood is the former one.

The explants taken from young stems of Tax us yunnanensis produced calli on 6,7-V medium supplimented with 2,4-D, NAA and KT. The calli in this medium could differentiate buds. When young stems were transferred onto White medium containing IBA or IBA and 6-BA, they differentiated roots and formed regenerative plants. Those plants which were transplanted were easy to survive. This study provides a method of rapid propagation for Taxus yunnanensis.

Four rose oils from France, Morocco, Kushui in Gansu Province and Pingyin in Shangdong Province were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by means of GC and GC / MS. 79, 74, 45, 54 compounds were respectively identified in these four rose oils. The main chemical constituents of all the rose oils are citronellol, geraniol jS-phenylethyl alcohol, farnesol and their esters, linalool, linalool oxide, rose oxide, eugenol, methyl eugenol and others. Because of different constitutents and their contents, the odour among the oils are different delicately. French rose oil and Moroccan rose oil possess unadulterated, sweet, fresh floral rose odour with green note because of the suitable proportion of their aromatic constituents, but Kushui rose oil and Pingyin rose oil possess less floral odour with slight other odour because of unsatisfying pro-portion of their constituents, and also Kushui rose oil possesses a little fatty odour because of the higher content of 2-dodecanone and 2-tridecanone.

Crown gall strains caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens S-1 702, C-58 have been established from sunflower hypocotyls, tobacco stems and stem pithes,carrot roots and potato tubers. The growth of galls and the appearance of teratomas were investgated. Some crown galls strains changed properties many months after induction. A sunflower crown gall strain changed its shape and growth speed seven months after induction. The teratoma of potato tuber aused by A. tumefaciens S- 1 appeared in the early stage of crown gall induction, but the teratomas arisen from two tobacco unorganized crown gall strains caused by A. tumefaciens 702 about 155 days after induction. Two tobacco crown gall strains caused by different A. tumefaciens strains have different response to phytohomone. Several teratoma strains with different differentiation have been obtained. The reversion of crown galls was investigated by means of induction with phytohormone. Plantlets have been induced from two carrot crown gall strains and two tobacco crown gall strains. All crowngall strains and teratomas produce nopaline. Nopaline was detected from the tobacco plantlet inducted from teratoma.

A comprehensive survey of rare and endangered species had been held on for four years in Yunnan from May 1997 to Augut 2001, under the leadership of the Forestry Department of Yunnan Province. According to the record, there are 90 species in the national priority priority protection, but we only found 87 species. In the present paper, we discussed their distribution, current situation and proposed our recommendations for their protection. Among these species, there are 22 species in national first class protection plants, 51 species in national second class protection plants and 17 species belonging to the provincial protection plants.

In this study, we carried out a systematic comparison of the de novo transcriptome assembly performance of eight assemblers (ABySS, Velvet, SOAPdenovo, Oases, Trinity, Multiplek, TIDBA and TransABySS), processing Illumina RNASeq reads from F1 hybrids (Drosophila MS) of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila sechellia and cultivated rice. Our study showed that Trinity and TransABySS were the most effective for producing transcriptomes from our trial datasets using single kmer and multiple kmer methods, respectively, although the performance levels of the other tested assemblers were comparable. We found that using single kmer assemblers generally produced fewer total numbers of bases than multiple kmer assemblers, although even the best assembler’s results showed lower quality than some researchers may desire. Therefore, we developed and tested a novel de novo transcriptome assembly method, ETM, which employs a combination of multiple kmer tools with Trinity assembler. The ETM method yielded superior results from our trial datasets. Our results will assist the growing number of transcriptome projects using Illumina RNASeq reads and provide guidelines for choosing appropriate software.

Affinis U.yuanmouensi nobis infra descriptae sed plantis majoribus,foliis lineari-lanceolatis 10-22 cm longis et 1-1.7 cm latis,panticulis e 5-11 racemis compositis differt.

Species affinis Cyclo.oxyodo(Miq.)Oerst.,sed differt praecipue foliis subtus pilis breviradiatis.

Abstract This paper introduces the method and step of fuzzy clurtering analysis that has been used for dividing the floristic elements of Michelia of Guizhou, and the floristic elements are discussed in detail. The result shows: 1. The method of fuzzy clurtering analysis can reflect more the intrinsic character of the floristic elements than that of the conventional analysis. 2. The method of fuzzy clurtering analysis can reflect accurately the relationships among each floristic elements.

Salicaceae consists of 650 species in the world and is divided into 3 genera, Chosenia Nakai, Papulus L. and Salix L. The pendulous catkin is favourable to wind pollination and the erect catkin is favourable to insect pollination. The genus Chosenia has staminate catkins that fa-vourable to wind pollination and pistillate catkins that favourable to insect pollination. This kind of structure of the genus Chosenia is an incomplete evolution phenomenon. So, Chosenia is the most primitive genus of the family. Populus is branch of wind pollination and Salix is an other branch of insect pollination. Most species of the family is distributed in north hemisphere. It is a typical temperate family. The centre of its modern distribution and diversity is in east Asia. The place of origin of the family is in the northeast part of East Asia. According to the data of histori-cal geology and fossils, and modern distributon of the family and its outer group, the date of the origin of the family's two branches (wind pollination and insect pollination) is got late in the Aptian of Early Cretaceous, and the ancestors before the origin of the two braocfces maybe pressent before Early Cretaceous.