Interactive influence of rainfall manipulation and livestock grazing on species diversity of the herbaceous layer community in a humid savannah in Kenya

doi:10.1016/j.pld.2019.04.005

Plant Diversity ›› 2019, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (03): 198-205.DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2019.04.005

Interactive influence of rainfall manipulation and livestock grazing on species diversity of the herbaceous layer community in a humid savannah in Kenya

Joseph O. Ondier^a,b, Daniel O. Okach^c, John C. Onyango^a, Dennis O. Otieno^b,c

a Department of Botany, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya;
b Department of Biological Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya;
c Department of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany

收稿日期:2018-12-21 修回日期:2019-04-16 出版日期:2019-06-25 发布日期:2019-08-15
通讯作者: Joseph O. Ondier,E-mail address:josephondier@yahoo.com
基金资助:
We are grateful to International Foundation for Research Fund (IFS) under grant number I-1-D-6174-1 and National Research Fund, Kenya (NRF; 2016/17 FY) for funding this research.

Interactive influence of rainfall manipulation and livestock grazing on species diversity of the herbaceous layer community in a humid savannah in Kenya

Joseph O. Ondier^a,b, Daniel O. Okach^c, John C. Onyango^a, Dennis O. Otieno^b,c

a Department of Botany, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya;
b Department of Biological Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya;
c Department of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany

Received:2018-12-21 Revised:2019-04-16 Online:2019-06-25 Published:2019-08-15
Contact: Joseph O. Ondier,E-mail address:josephondier@yahoo.com
Supported by:
We are grateful to International Foundation for Research Fund (IFS) under grant number I-1-D-6174-1 and National Research Fund, Kenya (NRF; 2016/17 FY) for funding this research.

摘要/Abstract

摘要： Changes in rainfall regime and grazing pressure affect vegetation composition and diversity with ecological implications for savannahs. The savannah in East Africa has experienced increased livestock grazing and rainfall variability but the impacts associated with those changes on the herbaceous layer have rarely been documented. We investigated the effect of livestock grazing, rainfall manipulation and their interaction on the composition and diversity of the herbaceous community in the savannah for two years in Lambwe, Kenya. Rainfall manipulation plots were set up for vegetation sampling; these plots received either 50% more or 50% less rainfall than control plots. Simpson's diversity and Bergere-Parker indices were used to determine diversity changes and dominance respectively. The frequency of species was used to compute their abundance and their life forms as determined from the literature. Grazing significantly increased species diversity through suppression of dominant species. Rainfall manipulation had no significant impact on plant diversity in fenced plots, but rainfall reduction significantly reduced diversity in grazed plots. In contrast, rainfall manipulation had no impact on dominance in either fenced or grazed plots. The interaction of grazing and rainfall manipulation is complex and will require additional survey campaigns to create a complete picture of the implications for savannah structure and composition.

关键词: Plant diversity, Grazing, Rainfall, Moist savannah

Abstract: Changes in rainfall regime and grazing pressure affect vegetation composition and diversity with ecological implications for savannahs. The savannah in East Africa has experienced increased livestock grazing and rainfall variability but the impacts associated with those changes on the herbaceous layer have rarely been documented. We investigated the effect of livestock grazing, rainfall manipulation and their interaction on the composition and diversity of the herbaceous community in the savannah for two years in Lambwe, Kenya. Rainfall manipulation plots were set up for vegetation sampling; these plots received either 50% more or 50% less rainfall than control plots. Simpson's diversity and Bergere-Parker indices were used to determine diversity changes and dominance respectively. The frequency of species was used to compute their abundance and their life forms as determined from the literature. Grazing significantly increased species diversity through suppression of dominant species. Rainfall manipulation had no significant impact on plant diversity in fenced plots, but rainfall reduction significantly reduced diversity in grazed plots. In contrast, rainfall manipulation had no impact on dominance in either fenced or grazed plots. The interaction of grazing and rainfall manipulation is complex and will require additional survey campaigns to create a complete picture of the implications for savannah structure and composition.

Key words: Plant diversity, Grazing, Rainfall, Moist savannah

Joseph O. Ondier, Daniel O. Okach, John C. Onyango, Dennis O. Otieno. Interactive influence of rainfall manipulation and livestock grazing on species diversity of the herbaceous layer community in a humid savannah in Kenya[J]. Plant Diversity, 2019, 41(03): 198-205.

图/表 9

参考文献 29

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物种 Species	半纤维素Hemicellulose (%)	C (%)	N (%)	P (%)	木质素Lignin (%)	纤维素Cellulose (%)	C:N	C:P	N:P	Lignin:N
方枝柏 Sabina saltuaria	8.06 ± 0.09^b	51.64 ± 1.77^bc	0.88 ± 0.01^b	0.12 ± 0.01^cd	14.07 ± 0.74^b	12.22 ± 0.38^a	58.86 ± 2.21^b	416.02 ± 14.04^a	7.08 ± 0.41^ab	16.04 ± 1.01^a
岷江冷杉 Abies faxoniana	12.86 ± 0.11^c	50.56 ± 2.96^b	0.88 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.01^bc	15.85 ± 0.36^b	12.19 ± 0.20^b	57.77 ± 3.53^b	443.51 ± 36.69^ab	7.68 ± 0.72^b	18.11 ± 0.42^b
四川红杉 Larix mastersiana	5.50 ± 0.20^a	54.35 ± 0.63^c	0.86 ± 0.04^b	0.13 ± 0.01^d	27.21 ± 2.21^d	16.45 ± 0.44^d	63.32 ± 3.49^b	407.08 ± 2.42^a	6.44 ± 0.38^a	25.95 ± 1.08^c
红桦 Betula albosinensis	12.74 ± 0.10^c	49.69 ± 1.45^b	1.33 ± 0.02^d	0.09 ± 0.01^a	36.68 ± 0.62^b	12.47 ± 0.38^e	37.24 ± 1.35^a	544.94 ± 31.72^c	14.63 ± 0.36^d	25.99 ± 0.37^c
高山杜鹃 Rhododendron lapponicum	8.07 ± 0.31^b	50.29 ± 0.16^b	0.67 ± 0.02^a	0.11 ± 0.01^b	20.81 ± 0.18^c	14.07 ± 0.41^c	75.54 ± 4.47^c	471.14 ± 42.04^b	6.25 ± 0.65^a	31.24 ± 0.69^d

物种 Species	半纤维素Hemicellulose (%)	C (%)	N (%)	P (%)	木质素Lignin (%)	纤维素Cellulose (%)	C:N	C:P	N:P	Lignin:N
方枝柏 Sabina saltuaria	8.06 ± 0.09^b	51.64 ± 1.77^bc	0.88 ± 0.01^b	0.12 ± 0.01^cd	14.07 ± 0.74^b	12.22 ± 0.38^a	58.86 ± 2.21^b	416.02 ± 14.04^a	7.08 ± 0.41^ab	16.04 ± 1.01^a
岷江冷杉 Abies faxoniana	12.86 ± 0.11^c	50.56 ± 2.96^b	0.88 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.01^bc	15.85 ± 0.36^b	12.19 ± 0.20^b	57.77 ± 3.53^b	443.51 ± 36.69^ab	7.68 ± 0.72^b	18.11 ± 0.42^b
四川红杉 Larix mastersiana	5.50 ± 0.20^a	54.35 ± 0.63^c	0.86 ± 0.04^b	0.13 ± 0.01^d	27.21 ± 2.21^d	16.45 ± 0.44^d	63.32 ± 3.49^b	407.08 ± 2.42^a	6.44 ± 0.38^a	25.95 ± 1.08^c
红桦 Betula albosinensis	12.74 ± 0.10^c	49.69 ± 1.45^b	1.33 ± 0.02^d	0.09 ± 0.01^a	36.68 ± 0.62^b	12.47 ± 0.38^e	37.24 ± 1.35^a	544.94 ± 31.72^c	14.63 ± 0.36^d	25.99 ± 0.37^c
高山杜鹃 Rhododendron lapponicum	8.07 ± 0.31^b	50.29 ± 0.16^b	0.67 ± 0.02^a	0.11 ± 0.01^b	20.81 ± 0.18^c	14.07 ± 0.41^c	75.54 ± 4.47^c	471.14 ± 42.04^b	6.25 ± 0.65^a	31.24 ± 0.69^d

林窗位置 Gap positions	土壤表层温度特征 Soil surface temperature characteristics	雪被形成期 Snow formation stage	雪被覆盖期 Snow cover stage	雪被融化期 Snow melt stage	冬季 Winter	生长季节 Growing season	全年 The whole year
林窗中心 Gap center	日均温 DMT (℃)	-3.97	-3.97	2.14	-1.97	9.62	4.11
	正积温 PAT (℃)	378.47	1 004.85	1 604.30	2 987.62	20 713.40	23 701.02
	负积温 NAT (℃)	-2 296.28	-4 433.95	-482.58	-7 212.81	-217.40	-7 430.21
	冻融循环 FSFC (times)	43	75	54	172	-	172
林冠林窗 Canopy gap	日均温 DMT (℃)	-2.90	-3.25	1.13	-1.77	7.81	3.43
	正积温 PAT (℃)	408.92	1 066.50	922.70	2 398.12	17 454.67	19 853.79
	负积温 NAT (℃)	-1 799.92	-3 875.67	-287.33	-5 962.92	-98.00	-6 061.92
	冻融循环 FSFC (times)	56	100	29	185	-	185
扩展林窗 Expanded gap	日均温 DMT (℃)	-3.46	-4.15	1.82	-2.22	7.87	3.26
	正积温 PAT (℃)	356.75	1039.04	1 418.50	2 814.29	17 971.93	20 786.22
	负积温 NAT (℃)	-2 017.08	-4 624.67	-391.25	-7 033.00	-140.25	-7 173.25
	冻融循环 FSFC (times)	50	92	49	191	-	191
郁闭林下 Closed canopy	日均温 DMT (℃)	-3.54	-3.67	1.24	-2.15	7.79	3.29
	正积温 PAT (℃)	448.50	1328.92	1 005.50	2 782.92	17 598.58	20 382.50
	负积温 NAT (℃)	-2 149.17	-4 501.00	-305.08	-6 955.25	-61.89	-7 017.14
	冻融循环 FSFC (times)	59	105	38	201	-	201

林窗位置 Gap positions	土壤表层温度特征 Soil surface temperature characteristics	雪被形成期 Snow formation stage	雪被覆盖期 Snow cover stage	雪被融化期 Snow melt stage	冬季 Winter	生长季节 Growing season	全年 The whole year
林窗中心 Gap center	日均温 DMT (℃)	-3.97	-3.97	2.14	-1.97	9.62	4.11
	正积温 PAT (℃)	378.47	1 004.85	1 604.30	2 987.62	20 713.40	23 701.02
	负积温 NAT (℃)	-2 296.28	-4 433.95	-482.58	-7 212.81	-217.40	-7 430.21
	冻融循环 FSFC (times)	43	75	54	172	-	172
林冠林窗 Canopy gap	日均温 DMT (℃)	-2.90	-3.25	1.13	-1.77	7.81	3.43
	正积温 PAT (℃)	408.92	1 066.50	922.70	2 398.12	17 454.67	19 853.79
	负积温 NAT (℃)	-1 799.92	-3 875.67	-287.33	-5 962.92	-98.00	-6 061.92
	冻融循环 FSFC (times)	56	100	29	185	-	185
扩展林窗 Expanded gap	日均温 DMT (℃)	-3.46	-4.15	1.82	-2.22	7.87	3.26
	正积温 PAT (℃)	356.75	1039.04	1 418.50	2 814.29	17 971.93	20 786.22
	负积温 NAT (℃)	-2 017.08	-4 624.67	-391.25	-7 033.00	-140.25	-7 173.25
	冻融循环 FSFC (times)	50	92	49	191	-	191
郁闭林下 Closed canopy	日均温 DMT (℃)	-3.54	-3.67	1.24	-2.15	7.79	3.29
	正积温 PAT (℃)	448.50	1328.92	1 005.50	2 782.92	17 598.58	20 382.50
	负积温 NAT (℃)	-2 149.17	-4 501.00	-305.08	-6 955.25	-61.89	-7 017.14
	冻融循环 FSFC (times)	59	105	38	201	-	201

变异来源 Variation source	df	F	p
T	3	163.580	0.000^**
S	4	590.699	0.000^**
G	3	13.908	0.000^**
T × S	12	74.056	0.000^**
T × G	9	32.429	0.000^**
S × G	12	19.384	0.000^**
T × S × G	36	19.846	0.000^**

Interactive influence of rainfall manipulation and livestock grazing on species diversity of the herbaceous layer community in a humid savannah in Kenya

Interactive influence of rainfall manipulation and livestock grazing on species diversity of the herbaceous layer community in a humid savannah in Kenya

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影响因子 Factor		相关性系数 Correlation coefficient
环境因子 Environmental factors	日均温 Daily mean temperature	-0.246^**
	正积温 Positive accumulated temperature	-0.707
	负积温 Negative accumulated temperature	-0.147^*
	冻融循环 Frequency of freeze-thaw cycle	0.211^**
凋落物质量因子 Litter quality factors	半纤维素 Hemicellulose	0.276^**
	C	-0.219^**
	N	0.153^*
	P	-0.241^**
	木质素 Lignin	-0.146^*
	纤维素 Cellulose	0.068
	C:N	-0.165^*
	C:P	0.202^**
	N:P	0.197^**
	Lignin:N	-0.074

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