Ethiopian vegetation types, climate and topography

doi:10.1016/j.pld.2020.04.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： Ethiopia is land of geographical contrasts with elevations that range from 125 m below sea level in the Danakil Depression to 4533 m above sea level in the Semien Mountains, a world heritage site. The diverse climate of various ecological regions of the country has driven the establishment of diverse vegetation, which range from Afroalpine vegetation in the mountains to the arid and semi-arid vegetation type in the lowlands. The formation of Ethiopian vegetation is highly connected to the climate and geological history of the country. Highland uplift and rift formation due to volcanic forces formed novel habitats with different topography and climatic conditions that have ultimately become drivers for vegetation diversification. Due to Ethiopia's connection with the temperate biome in the north and the Arabian Peninsula during the dry glacial period, the biotic assemblage of Ethiopian highlands consists of both Afrotropical and palearctic biota. In general, eight distinct vegetation types have been identified in Ethiopia, based mainly on elevation and climate gradients. These vegetation types host their own unique species, but also share several common species. Some of the vegetation types are identified as centers of endemism and have subsequently been identified globally as the East African Afromontane hotspot. Ethiopia is biologically rich, with more than 6500 vascular plant species. Of these species, 12% are endemic mainly due to geographical isolation and unique climatic conditions. However, researchers have yet to extensively investigate the ecology, phenology, as well as the evolutionary, genetics, and conservation status of Ethiopian vegetations at community and species level over space and time. This lack of research is a barrier to achieving the goal of zero global plant extinctions. Taxa extinction risk assessment has not been extensively carried out for majority of Ethiopian species. Detailed research is needed to explore how vegetation and species respond to rapidly growing environmental change. Currently, human-induced climate change and habitat fragmentation are severely threatening the country's biodiversity, and the consequences of these effects have not been studied at large. Furthermore, we still lack scientific evidence on how micro- and macro-ecological and evolutionary processes have been shaping vegetation structures in this climatically, topographically, and geologically diverse country. These gaps in our knowledge represent an opportunity for ecologists, geneticists, evolutionary biologists, conservation biologists, and other experts to investigate the biodiversity status and the complex ecological processes involved in structuring vegetation dynamics so as to help take effective conservation actions.

关键词: Elevation, Biodiversity, Climate, Ethiopia, Vegetation types, Topography

Abstract: Ethiopia is land of geographical contrasts with elevations that range from 125 m below sea level in the Danakil Depression to 4533 m above sea level in the Semien Mountains, a world heritage site. The diverse climate of various ecological regions of the country has driven the establishment of diverse vegetation, which range from Afroalpine vegetation in the mountains to the arid and semi-arid vegetation type in the lowlands. The formation of Ethiopian vegetation is highly connected to the climate and geological history of the country. Highland uplift and rift formation due to volcanic forces formed novel habitats with different topography and climatic conditions that have ultimately become drivers for vegetation diversification. Due to Ethiopia's connection with the temperate biome in the north and the Arabian Peninsula during the dry glacial period, the biotic assemblage of Ethiopian highlands consists of both Afrotropical and palearctic biota. In general, eight distinct vegetation types have been identified in Ethiopia, based mainly on elevation and climate gradients. These vegetation types host their own unique species, but also share several common species. Some of the vegetation types are identified as centers of endemism and have subsequently been identified globally as the East African Afromontane hotspot. Ethiopia is biologically rich, with more than 6500 vascular plant species. Of these species, 12% are endemic mainly due to geographical isolation and unique climatic conditions. However, researchers have yet to extensively investigate the ecology, phenology, as well as the evolutionary, genetics, and conservation status of Ethiopian vegetations at community and species level over space and time. This lack of research is a barrier to achieving the goal of zero global plant extinctions. Taxa extinction risk assessment has not been extensively carried out for majority of Ethiopian species. Detailed research is needed to explore how vegetation and species respond to rapidly growing environmental change. Currently, human-induced climate change and habitat fragmentation are severely threatening the country's biodiversity, and the consequences of these effects have not been studied at large. Furthermore, we still lack scientific evidence on how micro- and macro-ecological and evolutionary processes have been shaping vegetation structures in this climatically, topographically, and geologically diverse country. These gaps in our knowledge represent an opportunity for ecologists, geneticists, evolutionary biologists, conservation biologists, and other experts to investigate the biodiversity status and the complex ecological processes involved in structuring vegetation dynamics so as to help take effective conservation actions.

Key words: Elevation, Biodiversity, Climate, Ethiopia, Vegetation types, Topography

Mengesha Asefa, Min Cao, Yunyun He, Ewuketu Mekonnen, Xiaoyang Song, Jie Yang. Ethiopian vegetation types, climate and topography[J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(04): 302-311.

参考文献

Admassu, A., Teshome, S., Ensermu, K., Abyot, D., Alemayhu, K., 2016. Floristic composition and plant community types of Agama forest, an afromontane forest in southwest Ethiopia. J. Ecol. Nat. Environ. 8, 55-69. https://doi.org/10.5897/jene2015.0547.
Aerts, R., Overtveld, K. Van, November, E., Wassie, A., Abiyu, A., Demissew, S., Daye, D.D., Giday, K., Haile, M., Tewoldeberhan, S., Teketay, D., Teklehaimanot, Z., Binggeli, P., Deckers, J., Friis, I., Gratzer, G., Hermy, M., Heyn, M., Honnay, O., Paris, M., Sterck, F.J., Muys, B., Bongers, F., Healey, J.R., 2016. Conservation of the Ethiopian church forests:threats, opportunities and implications for their management. Sci. Total Environ. 551-552, 404-414.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.034.
Anonymous, 1997. Ethiopia: National Conservation Strategy, Phase I Report. Ethiopian Environmental Authority, Addis Abeba.
Awas, T., n.d. Endemic plants of Ethiopia: preliminary working list to contribute to National plant conservation. Retrieved on June 25, 2019 from http://www.ebi.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/downloads/Endemic_plants_of_Ethiopia-Reported.pdf.
Berit, G., Linder, P., 2014. Species richness, endemism and species composition in the tropical Afroalpine flora. Alpine Bot. 124 (2), 165-177.
Billi, P., 2015. Geomorphological landscapes of Ethiopia. In: Billi, P. (Ed.), Landscapes Landforms Ethiop. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 3-32.
Breugel, P. Van, Friis, I., Demissew, S., Lillesø, J.B., Kindt, R., 2016. Current and future fire regimes and their influence on natural vegetation in Ethiopia. Ecosystems 19, 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9938-x.
CEPF, 2016. Announcing the World's 36th Biodiversity Hotspot: the North American Coastal Plain. Retrieved on June 04, 2019 from. http://www.cepf.net/news/top_stories/Pages/Announcing-the-Worlds-36thBiodiversity-Hotspot.aspx.
Chala, D., Brochmann, C., Psomas, A., Ehrich, D., Gizaw, A., Masao, C.A., Bakkestuen, V., Zimmermann, N.E., 2016. Bye to tropical alpine plant giants under warmer climates ? Loss of range and genetic diversity in Lobelia rhynchopetalum. Ecol. Evol. 2016 6 6, 8931-8941. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2603.
Corlett, R.T., 2016. Plant diversity in a changing world: status, trends, and conservation needs. Plant Divers. 38, 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2016.01.001.
Derero, A., Gailing, O., Finkeldey, R., 2011. Maintenance of genetic diversity in Cordia africana Lam., a declining forest tree species in Ethiopia. Tree Genet. Genomes 7, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-010-0310-1.
Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. In: Edwards, S., Demissew, S., Hedberg, I. (Eds.), 1997.
Hydrocharitaceae to Arecaceae, vol. 6. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa & Uppsala.
Edwards, S., Tadesse, M., Demissew, S., Hedberg, I., 2000. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. In: Magnoliaceae to Flacourtiaceae. The National Herbarium, vol. 2.Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa & Uppsala (1).
Edwards, S., Tadesse, M., Hedberg, I., 1995. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. In: Canellaceae to Euphorbiaceae. The National Herbarium, vol. 2. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa & Uppsala (2).
Enquist, B.J., Feng, X., Boyle, B., Maitner, B., Newman, E.A., Jørgensen, P.M., Roehrdanz, P.R., Thiers, B.M., Burger, J.R., Corlett, R.T., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dauby, G., Donoghue, J.C., Foden, W., Lovett, J.C., Marquet, P.A., Merow, C., Midgley, G., Morueta-Holme, N., Neves, D.M., Oliveira-Filho, A.T., Kraft, N.J.B., Park, D.S., Peet, R.K., Pillet, M., Serra-Diaz, J.M., Sandel, B., Schildhauer, M., Šímová, I., Violle, C., Wieringa, J.J., Wiser, S.K., Hannah, L., Svenning, J.C., McGill, B.J., 2019.The commonness of rarity: global and future distribution of rarity across land plants. Sci. Adv. 5, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0414.
Evans, B., Bliss, S., Mendel, S., Tinsley, R., 2011. The Rift Valley is a major barrier to dispersal of African clawed frogs (Xenopus) in Ethiopia. Mol. Ecol. 20, 4216-4230.
Feyera, S., Tadesse, W., Sebsebe, D., Denichi, M., 2007. Florestic diversity and composition of sheko, southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Biol. Sci. 6, 11-42.
Freilich, X., Anadón, J., Bukala, J., Calderon, O., Chakraborty, R., Boissinot, S., 2016. Comparative phylogeography of Ethiopian anurans: impact of the Great Rift Valley and Pleistocene climate change. BMC Evol. Biol. 16, 206-225.
Freilich, X., Tollis, M., Boissinot, S., 2014. Hiding in the highlands: evolution of a frog species complex of the genus Ptychadena in the Ethiopian highlands. Mol.Phylogenet. Evol. 71, 157-169.
Friis, I., 1992. Forests and forest trees of northeast tropical Africa: their natural habitats and distribution patterns in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. Kew Bull.Addit. Ser. 15, 1-396.
Friis, I., 1995. Myrtaceae. In: Edwards, S., Tadesse, M., Hedberg, I. (Eds.), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea: Canellaceae to Euphorbiaceae, 2, part 2. Addis Ababa university, Uppsala university, pp. 71-106.
Friis, I., Sebsebe, D., Breugel, P., 2010. Atlas of the Potential Vegetation of Ethiopia Atlas of the Potential Vegetation of Ethiopia.
Friis, I., Thulin, M., Adsersen, H., Burger, A., 2005. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in the Horn of Africa. Biol. Skr. 55, 289-314. ISSN 0366-3612. ISBN 87-7304-304-4.
Ghimire, S.K., 2005. The endemic flora in Dolpo, north-west Nepal: distribution patterns, life forms, habitat specificity and conservation status. Bot. Orient. 5, 30-39.
Gillespie, R., Roderick, G., 2014. Evolution: geology and climate drive diversification.Nature 509, 297-298.
Gole, T., Thomas, B., Manfred, D., Demel, T., 2008. Floristic composition and environmental factors characterizing coffee forests in southwest Ethiopia. For. Ecol.Manag. 255, 2138-2150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.12.028.
Gottelli, D., Marino, J., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Funk, S., 2004. The effect of the last glacial age on speciation and population genetic structure of the endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis). Mol. Ecol. 13, 2275-2286.
Heaney, L.R., 2001. Small mammal diversity along elevational gradients in the Philippines: an 333 assessment of patterns and hypotheses. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 10, 15-39.
Hedberg, I., Edwards, S., 1989. Flora of Ethiopia. In: Pittosporaceae to Araliacae.the National Herbarium, vol. 3. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa & Uppsala.Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. In: Hedberg, I., Edwards, S., Nemomissa, S. (Eds.), 2003.Apiaceae to Dipsaceae. The National Herbarium, vol. 4. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa & Uppsala (2).
Hedberg, I., Kelbessa, E., Edwards, S., Demissew, S., Persson, E., 2006. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Vol 5, gentianaceae to cyclocheilaceae. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa and Uppsala.
Hedberg, O., 1995. Features of afroalpine ecology. Facsimile edition. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 49, 1-144.
IBC, 2014. Ethiopia's Revised National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.
IBC, 2005. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Government of the Fedral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, vol. 115.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79498-5.
ICBP, 1992. Putting Biodiversity on the Map: Priority Areas for Global Conservation.Int. Counc. Bird Preserv. Cambridge, U.K.
Kebede, M., Yirdaw, E., Luukkanen, O., Lemenih, M., 2013. Plant community analysis and effect of environmental factors on the diversity of woody species in the moist Afromontane forest of Wondo Genet, South Central Ethiopia. Biodivers.
Res. Conserv. 29, 63-80. https://doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2013-0003.
Kelbessa, E., Demissew, S., Woldu, Z., Edwards, S., 1992. Some threatened endemic plants of Ethiopia. In: Edwards, Sue, Asfaw, Zemede (Eds.), The Status of Some Plant Resources in Parts of Tropical Africa. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa. NAPRECA Monograph Series No. 2. Published by NAPRECA.Addis Ababa Univ.
Kidane, Y.O., Steinbauer, M.J., Beierkuhnlein, C., 2019. Dead end for endemic plant species? A biodiversity hotspot under pressure. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 19, e00670 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00670.
Kuma, M., Shibru, S., 2015. Floristic composition, vegetation structure and regeneration status of Kimphe Lafa natural forest. J. Bot., Le 5, 19-32.
Largen, M., Spawls, S., 2010. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main.
Liljequist, 1986. Some aspects of the climate of Ethiopia. Symb. Bot. Ups. 26 (2), 19-30.
Masresha, G., Soromessa, T., Kelbessa, E., 2015. Status and species diversity of Alemsaga forest, northwestern. Adv. Life Sci. Technol. 34, 87-100.
Matthews, W.S., van W, A.K., Bredenkamp, G.J., 1993. Endemic flora of north-eastern transval escarpment, South Africa. Biol. Conserv. 63, 83-94.
Melaku, T., 2011. Wildlife in Ethiopia: endemic large mammals. World J. Zool. 6 (2), 108-116.
Mittermeier, R.A., Gil, P.R., Hoffman, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J., da Fonseca, G.A.B., 2004. 2005. Hotspots Revisited: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. Conservation International, Washington.
Mokria, M., Gebrekirstos, A., Aynekulu, E., Bräuning, A., 2015. Tree dieback affects climate change mitigation potential of a dry afromontane forest in northern Ethiopia. For. Ecol. Manag. 344, 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.008.
Noroozi, J., Talebi, A., Doostmohammadi, M., Rumpf, S.B., Linder, H.P., Schneeweiss, G.M., 2018. Hotspots within a global biodiversity hotspot-areas of endemism are associated with high mountain ranges. Sci. Rep. 8, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28504-9.
Nyssen, J., Frankl, A., Haile, M., Hurni, H., Descheemaeker, K., Crummey, D., Ritler, A., Portner, B., Nievergelt, B., Moeyersons, J., Munro, N., Deckers, J., Billi, P., Poesen, J., 2014. Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145 years. Sci. Total Environ. 485-486, 164-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.052.
Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., 2002. The global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservation. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 89, 199. https://doi.org/10.2307/3298564.
Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., 1998. Issues in international conservation the global 200:a representation approach to conserving the earth ’ s most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conserv. Biol. 12, 502-515.
Phillips, S., 1995. Poaceae (gramineae). In: Hedberg, I., Edwards, S. (Eds.), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, vol. 7. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa & Uppsala.
Pichi Sermolli, R.E.G., 1957. Una carta geobotanica dell'Africa Orientale (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia). Webbia 13, 15-132.
Redman, N., Stevenson, T., Fanshawe, J., 2011. Birds of the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and Socotra.
Roberts, E., Stevens, N., O'Connor, P., Dirks, P., Gottfried, M., Clyde, W., Armstrong, R., Kemp, A., Hemming, S., 2012. Initiation of the western branch of the East African Rift coeval with the eastern branch. Nat. Geosci. 5, 289-294.
Sebsebe, D., Cribb, P., Rasmussen, F., 2004. Field Guide to Ethiopian Orchids. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Senbeta, F., Denich, M., 2006. Effects of wild coffee management on species diversity in the montane rainforests of Ethiopia. For. Ecol.Manag. 232, 68-74.
Siyum, Z.G., Ayoade, J.O., Onilude, M.A., Feyissa, M.T., 2019. Climate forcing of tree growth in dry afromontane forest fragments of northern Ethiopia: evidence from multi-species responses. For. Ecosyst. 6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0178-y.
Smith, M.L., Noonan, B.P., Colston, T.J., 2017. The role of climatic and geological events in generating diversity in Ethiopian grass frogs (genus Ptychadena).R. Soc. Open Sci. 4, 170021. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170021.
Soromessa, T., Teketay, D., Demissew, S., 2004. Ecological study of the vegetation in gamo gofa. Trop. Ecol. 45, 209-221.
Steinbauer, M.J., Dolos, K., Field, R., Reineking, B., Beierkuhnlein, C., 2013. Re-evaluating the general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography. Front. Biogeogr. 5, 185-194.
Stévart, T., Dauby, G., Lowry, P., Blach-Overgaard, A., Droissart, V., Harris, D.J., Mackinder, A.B., Schatz, G.E., Sonké, B., Sosef, M.S.M., Svenning, J.C., Wieringa, J., Couvreur, T.L.P., 2019. A third of the tropical African flora is potentially threatened with extinction. Sci. Adv. 5 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9444.
Strayer, D.L., Findlay, S.E.G., 2010. Ecology of freshwater shore zones. Aquat. Sci. 72, 127-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-010-0128-9.
Tadesse, M., 2004. Asteraceae (compositae). In: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S.(Eds.), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Vol 4 (1. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa & Uppsala.
Tewolde, E.B.G., 1991. Diversity of Ethiopian flora. In: M Engels, J.M., Hawkes, J.G., Worede, Melaku (Eds.), Plant Genetic Resources of Ethiopia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 75-81.
Tolessa, T., Senbeta, F., Kidane, M., 2017. The impact of land use/land cover change on ecosystem services in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Ecosyst. Serv. 23, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.010.
White, F., 1983. The vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. With 4 coloured vegetation maps (1:5 000 000). Nat. Resour. Res. 20, 1-356.
Williams, S.D., Vivero, J.L., Spawls, S., Anteneh, S., Ensermu, K., 2004. Ethiopian highlands. In: Mittermeier, R.A., Robles-Gil, P., Hoffmann, M., Pilgrim, J.D., Brooks, T.M., Mittermeier, C.G., Fonseca, G. (Eds.), Hotspots Revisited: CEMEX, Mexico City, Mexico. Earth's Biol. Richest Most Endanger. Ecoregions, pp. 262-273.
Woldemariam, W., Mekonnen, T., Morrison, K., Aticho, A., 2018. Assessment of wetland flora and avifauna species diversity in Kafa Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. J. Asia Pac. Biodivers. 11, 494-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2018.08.003.
WWF, IUCN, 1994. Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for Their Conservation, vol. 3. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, U.K.
Yalden, D.W., Largen, M.J., 2008. Endemic mammals of Ethiopia. Mamm Rev. 22, 115-150.

[1]	Lin Lin, Xiao-Long Jiang, Kai-Qi Guo, Amy Byrne, Min Deng. Climate change impacts the distribution of Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis (Fagaceae), a keystone lineage in East Asian evergreen broadleaved forests[J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(05): 552-568.
[2]	Karla J.P. Silva-Souza, Maíra G. Pivato, Vinícius C. Silva, Ricardo F. Haidar, Alexandre F. Souza. New patterns of the tree beta diversity and its determinants in the largest savanna and wetland biomes of South America[J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(04): 369-384.
[3]	Gang Feng, Ying-Jie Xiong, Hua-Yu Wei, Yao Li, Ling-Feng Mao. Endemic medicinal plant distribution correlated with stable climate, precipitation, and cultural diversity[J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(04): 479-484.
[4]	Hong Qian, Jian Zhang, Meichen Jiang. Global patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of flowering plants:Biodiversity hotspots and coldspots[J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(03): 265-271.
[5]	Thant Sin Aung, Alice C. Hughes, Phyo Kay Khine, Bo Liu, Xiao-Li Shen, Ke-Ping Ma. Patterns of floristic inventory and plant collections in Myanmar[J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(03): 302-308.
[6]	Ya-Dong Zhou, Hong Qian, Yi Jin, Ke-Yan Xiao, Xue Yan, Qing-Feng Wang. Geographic patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity of aquatic angiosperms in China[J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(02): 177-184.
[7]	Jian Zhang, Hong Qian. U.Taxonstand: An R package for standardizing scientific names of plants and animals[J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(01): 1-5.
[8]	Sanchita Kumar, Taposhi Hazra, Robert A. Spicer, Manoshi Hazra, Teresa E. V. Spicer, Subir Bera, Mahasin Ali Khan. Coryphoid palms from the K-Pg boundary of central India and their biogeographical implications: Evidence from megafossil remains[J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(01): 80-97.
[9]	Han-Zhang Song, Serge V. Naugolnykh, Xin-Kai Wu, Xiao-Yan Liu, Jian-Hua Jin. Fertile Woodwardia from the middle Eocene of South China and its implications for palaeogeography and palaeoclimate[J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(06): 565-576.
[10]	Wen-Jing Fang, Qiong Cai, Qing Zhao, Cheng-Jun Ji, Jiang-Ling Zhu, Zhi-Yao Tang, Jing-Yun Fang. Species richness patterns and the determinants of larch forests in China[J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(05): 436-444.
[11]	Boniface K. Ngarega, John M. Nzei, Josphat K. Saina, Marwa Waseem A. Halmy, Jin-Ming Chen, Zhi-Zhong Li. Mapping the habitat suitability of Ottelia species in Africa[J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(05): 468-480.
[12]	Tsam Ju, Zhi-Tong Han, Markus Ruhsam, Jia-Liang Li, Wen-Jing Tao, Sonam Tso, Georg Miehe, Kang-Shan Mao. Reproduction and genetic diversity of Juniperus squamata along an elevational gradient in the Hengduan Mountains[J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(04): 369-376.
[13]	Ai Song, Jia Liu, Shui-Qing Liang, Truong Van Do, Hung Ba Nguyen, Wei-Yu-Dong Deng, Lin-Bo Jia, Cédric Del Rio, Gaurav Srivastava, Zhuo Feng, Zhe-Kun Zhou, Jian Huang, Tao Su. Leaf fossils of Sabalites (Arecaceae) from the Oligocene of northern Vietnam and their paleoclimatic implications[J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(04): 406-416.
[14]	Hong Qian, Jian Zhang, Mei-Chen Jiang. Global patterns of fern species diversity: An evaluation of fern data in GBIF[J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(02): 135-140.
[15]	Li-Shen Qian, Hong-Hua Shi, Xiao-Kun Ou, Hang Sun. Elevational patterns of functional diversity and trait of Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) in Hengduan Mountains, China[J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(01): 20-29.