Abstract: The origin systematics, fossil history and modern distribution of Chloranthaceae are discussed based on leaf architecture, wood anatomy, morphology and floral anatomy, palynology, fossil records and modem distribution pattern. Sarcandra and Chloranthus, both with bisexual and entomophilous flowers, have the closest phylogenetic relationship. Ascarina is most closely related to Hedyosmwn both being unisexual and anemophilous. Sarcandra would be the most primitive genus in extant four genera of Chloranthaceae, on the contrast, Hedyosmwn is the most advanced one. All proofs indicate that Chloranthaceae originate from the vesselless xylem and bisexual and entomophilous flower ancestor from which two groups derived. One is Sarcandra and Chloranthus and another Ascarina and Hedyosmum.Ttie earliest fossil record of Chloranthaceae is from the Barremian of the Lower Cretaceous. Four extant genera of Chloranthaceae had occurred in the Aptin.

Key words: Chloranthaceae