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Plant Diversity ›› 2011, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 625-642.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1143.2011.11059

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

块菌名实考证及其资源保护

 王云1、2, 刘培贵1   

  1. 1 中国科学院昆明植物研究所生物多样性与生物地理学重点实验室，云南 昆明650201；
    2 新西兰皇家植物和食品研究所，克赖斯特彻奇，新西兰
  • 收稿日期:2011-04-12 出版日期:2011-12-25 发布日期:2011-07-08
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金NSFC (30470011, 30770007)、 NSFC与云南联合基金 (U0836604)，云南科技强省计划项目的资助 (2009AC013) 以及中国科学院生物多样性与生物地理学重点实验室的特别资助 (0806361121)

Verification of Chinese Names of Truffles and Their Conservation in Natural Habitats

 WANG  Yun-1、2, LIU  Pei-Gui-1   

  1. 1 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
    2 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
  • Received:2011-04-12 Online:2011-12-25 Published:2011-07-08

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摘要：

块菌是指Tuber属的真菌种类，属于子囊菌门（Ascomycota），生在地下，其中包含着世界上最美味和价值最昂贵的食用菌。中国食与药用真菌文化悠久，历代本草都不乏各种菌类的记载，但在本草中记载的与块菌有关系的菌类唯有1245年陈仁玉编撰的“菌谱”中称之为“麦蕈”和俗名为“麦丹蕈”的一种地下真菌。日本本草对“麦蕈”也屡有记载，并把“麦蕈”叫“地肾”和“松露”。这是“松露”一名的最早记载，“麦蕈”或“松露”可能是被现代菌物学称之为须腹菌（Rhizopogon spp.）的真菌种类。因而，“松露”一名虽是汉字, 但是所指并非真正的块菌，应是须腹菌（Rhizopogon spp.），也称“假块菌”（ false truffle）,所以松露和块菌寓意各异。产于我国西南地区的食用黑块菌主要是印度块菌（Tuber indicum）或中华块菌（T.sinense）、夏块菌（T.aestivum=T.uncinatum）和拟喜马拉雅块菌（T.pseudohimalayense=T.pseudoexcavatum），近年来身价倍增，成为中国野生食用菌出口种类中名列前三甲的菌类，在世界块菌市场上也颇受欢迎。喜马拉雅块菌（T.himalayense）在我国尚未发现它的踪迹。印度块菌和中华块菌形态上有差异，若把中国产的类似黑孢块菌的黑块菌统称为印度块菌（T.indicum）尚值得商榷。中华块菌或印度块菌形态和遗传变异多样，尚需进一步研究。2010年在云南和四川相继发现的大型香味浓郁的白块菌，近似于波氏块菌（T.borchii）组的块菌，颇具研究和巨大的商业价值，表明我国块菌资源比原有记载的要丰富的多。由于利益之驱动和疏于管理，掠夺式的采收方法造成了块菌产区生态环境毁灭性的破坏，一些商业化采集区的块菌已濒临灭绝，中国西南地区的块菌资源的保护问题迫在眉睫。本文对产自欧洲、美洲的块菌、沙漠块菌，以及块菌的生态意义和种植作了简要介绍和讨论。

关键词: 块菌, 松露, 考证, 濒危, 保护与种植

Abstract:

Truffles are fungi belonging to the genus Tuber (Ascomycota), which form belowground ascocarps or fruiting bodies (hypogeous fungi). Some truffles are highly prized culinary commodities in the world. Although China has rich mushroom cultures and a quite few edible or medicinal fungal species were described in ancient texts but no truffle (Tuber) was recorded. A false truffle, the species of basidiomycetes Rhizopogon rubescens, was described in Renyu Chen’s “JunPu” in 1245 and called “Maixun”. This name was also found in some ancient Japanese mushroom books with the species also referred to as “Songlu”. Recently there has been a trend in China to call truffles “Songlu” in many publications and websites. However, the use of this name should be discouraged as it specifically refers to R.rubescens and is not appropriate to use for true truffles. Since the 1990s, increasing amounts of Chinese black truffles have been sold in international markets and harvesting and trading of Chinese black truffles is now a multimillion dollar industry. Unfortunately, one of consequences of largescale commercial harvesting of Chinese black truffles is that their forest environments have been severely damaged by unrestricted plundering of these natural resources. Local production has declined to the extent that truffle resources may face extinction if destructive harvesting methods are not stopped. Management and legislation on the commercial harvesting and conservation of truffles in China are urgently needed. The main edible black truffle species in China are Tuber indicum, Tuber sinese, Tuber aestivum, and Tuber pseudohimalayense (=T.pseudoexcavatum). The species known as Tuber himalayense has not been found in China up to now. Attempts to obtain DNA sequences from the type specimen of T.indicum were unsuccessful so it was subsequently impossible to analyse the phylogenetic relationship between T.indicum and T.sinense. There seems to be no sound evidence that collections previously identified as T.indicum from SW China actually represent this species which was originally described from India. Future collections of T.indicum from the type locality or nearby areas may clarify this issue. Several collections of white truffle species were obtained from SW China in 2010. Although their exact taxonomic positions have not yet been established, their large ascocarps and strong truffle aroma suggest significant commercial potential. These recent findings indicate that China has much richer truffle diversity than previously expected. A brief introduction to some important edible European truffle species including Tuber magnatum, Tuber melanosporum, T.aestivum (=T.uncinatum), Tuber brumale and Tuber borchii is given. The ecological and economic importance of truffles and aspects of their cultivation are also discussed.

Key words: Chinese truffles and names, Distinguish, Severely danger, Cultivation, Retrieval

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