葎草雌雄植株开花物候和花器官对干旱的响应差异

doi:10.7677/ynzwyj201414021

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以葎草（Humulus scandens）为实验材料，在控制土壤水分的条件下探究干旱对雌雄异株植物开花物候和花器官形态的影响，结果表明：干旱胁迫将导致葎草雌雄种群花期提前，花期持续时间延长，雌花将比雄花提早开放；干旱胁迫下雄花的花序轴长、花序轴直径和花药粒径长均分别显著减小2481%，2907%和514%（P<0001，P=0003，P=0024），花粉活力和花粉含量显著下降；干旱胁迫导致雌花的花序轴长、柱头长度和花序的平均花数量显著增大978%，7062%和5704%（P=0039，P<0001，P<0001）；干旱胁迫下种子粒径长、种子粒径宽、种子单粒重和种子千粒重分别显著下降1212%、1259%、4343%和1538%（显著度水平均为P<0001）；干旱胁迫下雌雄植株的地上部分生物量均显著降低（P=0002，P=0020），且雌株的生殖投入在干旱胁迫下显著高于雄株（P=0049）。研究结果表明了葎草雌雄植株开花物候及花器官对干旱的响应明显不同。与雄株相比，雌株在干旱胁迫下增加了生物量向生殖器官的分配，从而最大程度地减轻胁迫对其繁殖能力的影响。

关键词: 干旱, 开花物候, 花形态, 雌雄差异

Abstract:

In this paper, sexspecific differences in flowering phenology and floral morphology of Humulus scandens were tested using a pot experiment under watercontrolled condition. Obvious differences between the male and female individuals were observed in response to different water regime. Drought stress induced Hscandens population to flower earlier and last longer. Compared with males, flowers of female opened earlier. Moreover, inflorescence axis length, inflorescence axis diameter and anther length in droughtstressed males were significantly reduced 2481%, 2907%, and 514% (P<0001, P=0003, P=0024), respectively. Concomitantly, pollen quantity and the pollen vitality were also decreased significantly. In contrast, the inflorescence axis length, style length and average number of flowers per inflorescence in droughtstressed females were increased 978%, 7062%, and 5704% (P=0039, P<0001, P<0001), respectively. Furthermore, the seed length, and seed width, singleseed weight, and 1000seed weight under drought stress were significantly reduced 1212%, 1259%, 4343%, and 1538%, respectively (P<0001). On the other hand, compared with contrast, the aboveground biomass decreased significantly in both male and female Hscandens individuals under drought stress (P=0002, P=0020). However, the reproductive investment of females was significantly higher than males under drought stress (P=0049). In a word, effects of drought stress on flowering phenology and floral organs are significantly different between two sexes. To alleviate the negative influences on reproductive ability caused by drought, females of Hscandens individuals may allocate more biomass to reproductive organs than males under drought stress.

Key words: Drought, Flowering phenology, Floral morphology, Sexual differences

中图分类号:

Q 945，Q 948

杨帅, 王碧霞, 胥晓, 郇慧慧, 秦芳, 陈梦华. 葎草雌雄植株开花物候和花器官对干旱的响应差异[J]. Plant Diversity, 2014, 36(05): 653-660.

YANG Shuai, WANG Bi-Xia, XU Xiao, HUAN Hui-Hui, QIN Fang, CHEN Meng-Hua. Sexspecific Responses of Flowering Phenology and Floral Morphology of Humulus scandens to Drought[J]. Plant Diversity, 2014, 36(05): 653-660.

参考文献

Angus JF, Moncur MW, 1977. Water stress and phenology in wheat［J］. Crop and Pasture Science, 28 (2): 177—181
Balasubramanian S, Sureshkumar S, Lempe J et al., 2006. Potent induction of Arabidopsis thaliana flowering by elevated growth temperature［J］. Plos Genetics, 2: 980—989
Christensen JH, Hewitson B, Busuioc A et al., 2007. Regional climatic projections［A］. In: Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change［M］. Cambridge University Press, 847—940
Cleland EE, Chuine I, Menzel A et al., 2007. Shifting plant phenology in response to global change［J］. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22 (7): 357—365
Carroll AB, Pallardy SG, 2001. Drought stress, plant water status, and floral trait expression in fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium (Onagraceae) ［J］. American Journal of Botany, 88 (3): 438—446
Cavers PB, Steel MG, 1984. Patterns of change in seed in weight over time on individual plants［J］. The American Naturalist, 124: 324—335
Dawson TE, Ehleringer JR, 1993. Genderspecific physiology, carbon isotope discrimination, and habitat distribution in boxelder, Acer negundo［J］. Ecology, 74: 798—815
Du Y (杜燕), He HJ (何华杰), Zhang ZF (张志峰) et al., 2014. Correlation of seed mass with elevation［J］. Plant Diversity and Resources (植物分类与资源学报), 36 (1): 109—115
Fang XW, Turner NC, Yan GJ, 2010. Flower numbers, pod production, pollen viability, and pistil function are reduced and flower and pod abortion increased in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under terminal drought［J］. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61 (2): 335—345
Fernández MD, Hueso JJ, Cuevas J, 2010. Water stress integral for successful modification of flowering dates in ‘Algerie’ loquat［J］. Irrigation Science, 28: 127—134
Galen C, 1989. Measuring pollinatormediated selection on morphometric floral traits: bumblebees and the alpine sky pilot, Polemonium viscosum［J］. Evolution, 43 (4): 882—890
Galen C, 2000. High and dry: drought stress, sexallocation tradeoffs, and selection on flower size in the alpine wildflower Polemonium viscisum (Polemoniaceae) ［J］. The American Naturalist, 156 (1): 71—83
Gordon C, Woodin SJ, Alexander IJ, 1999. Effects of increased temperature, drought and nitrogen supply on two upland perennials of contrasting functional type: Calluna vulgaria and Pteridium aquilinum［J］. New Phytologist, 142 (2): 243—258
Hedhly A, Hormaza JI, Herrero M, 2008. Global warming and plant sexual reproduction［J］. Trends in Plant Science, 14: 30—36
Herrero MP, Johnson RR, 1981. Drought stress and its effects on maize reproductive systems［J］. Crop Science, 21 (1): 105—110
Herrero M, 2003. Male and female synchrony and the regulation of mating in flowering plants［J］. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 358: 1019—1024
Jentsch A, Kreyling J, Boettchertreschkow J, 2009. Beyond gradual warming: extreme weather events alter flower phenology of European grassland and heath species［J］. Global Change Biology, 15 (4): 837—849
Kigel J, Konsens I, Rosen N et al., 2011. Relationships between flowering time and rainfall gradients across Mediterraneandesert transects［J］. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution, 57: 91—109
Krannitz PG, Aarssen LW, Dow JM, 1999. The effect of genetically based differences in seed size on seeding survival in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) ［J］. American Journal of Botany, 78: 446—450
Li DY (李德颖), 1996. Different response to water deficit in male and female plants of Buchloe dactyloides［J］. Acta Horticulturae Sinica (园艺学报), 23: 62—66
Li JY (李俊钰), Xu X (胥晓), Yang P (杨鹏) et al., 2012. Effects of aluminum stress on ecophysiological characteristics of male and female Populus cathayana seedlings［J］. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 23 (1): 45—50
Liu CL (刘长利), Wang QW (王全文), Cui JR (崔俊茹) et al., 2006. Effects of drought stress on photosynthetic characteristics and biomass allocation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis［J］. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 26 (1): 142—145
Liu JF (刘建福), Chen LL (陈李林), Tang QL (汤青林), 2004. Effects of different soil moisture on the flower and growth of Macadamia integrifolia［J］. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University (Natural Science) (西南农业大学学报) (自然科学版), 26 (6): 735—739
Mou CX (牟成香), Sun G (孙庚), Luo P (罗鹏) et al., 2013. Flower phenology of alpine meadow under extreme drought［J］. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology (应用与环境生物学报), 19 (2): 272—279
Ogaya R, Peuelas J, 2004. Phenological patterns of Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia and Arbutus unedo growing under a field experimental drought［J］. Ecoscience, 11 (3): 263—270
Parmesan C, 2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change［J］. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution,and Systematic, 37: 637—669
Peuelas J, Filella I, Xiaoyang Z et al., 2004. Complex spatiotemporal phenological shifts as a response to rainfall changes［J］. New Phytologist, 161 (3): 837—846
Popp JW, Reinartz JA, 1988. Sexual dimorphism in biomass allocation and clonal growth of Xanthoxylum americanum［J］. American Journal of Botany, 75: 1732—1741
Porch TG, Jahn M, 2001. Effects of hightemperature stress on microsporogenesis in heatsensitive and heattolerant genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris［J］. Plant, Cell & Environment, 24 (7): 723—731
Prieto P, Peuelas J, Ogaya R, 2008. Precipitationdependent flowering of Globularia alypum and Erica multiflora in Mediterranean shrubland under experimental drought and warming, and its interannual variability［J］. Annals of Botany, 102 (2): 275—285
Schemske DW, 1977. Flowering phenology and seed set in Claytonia virginica (Portulaceae) ［J］. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 104: 254—263
Thomson JD, 1980. Skewed flowering distributions and pollinator attraction［J］. Ecology, 61: 572—579
Tonsor SJ, Scott C, Boumaza I et al., 2008. Heat shock protein 101 effects in Arabidopsis thaliana: Genetic variation, fitness and pleiotropy incontrolled temperature conditions［J］. Molecular Ecology, 17: 1614—1626
Waser NM, 1978. Competition for hummingbird pollination and sequential flowering in two Colorado wildflowers［J］. Ecology, 59: 934—944
Weiher E, Werf A, Thompson K et al., 1999. Challenging Theophrastus: A common core list of plant traits for functional ecology［J］. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10: 609—620
Weltzin JF, Loik ME, Schwinning S et al., 2003. Assessing the response of terrestrial ecosystems to potential changes in precipitation［J］. American Institute of Biological Sciences, 53 (10): 941—952
Widén B, 1991. Environmental and genetic influences on phenology and plant size in a perennial herb, Senecio integrifolius［J］. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69: 209—217
Wulff RD, Causin HF, Benitez O et al., 1999. Intraespecific variability and maternal effects in response to nutrient addition in Chenopodium album［J］. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77: 1150—1158
Yin CY (尹春英), Li CY (李春阳), 2007. Status and prospects on differences about sex ratio of dioecious plants［J］. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology (应用与环境生物学报), 13 (3): 419—425
Zhao JD (赵纪东), Fu H (傅华), Wu CX (吴彩霞), 2006. Effects of water stress on biomass and osmosisregulating substance accumulations in Nitraria sphaerocarpa seedlings［J］. Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 26 (9): 1788—1793
Zou CS (邹长松), Yu DQ (余迪求), 2010. Temperature stress on plant sexual reproduction［J］. Acta Botanica Yunnanica (云南植物研究), 32 (6): 508—518

[1]	李雄1、2、3, 杨时海3、4, 杨云强1、2, 尹欣1、2、3, 孙旭东1、2, 杨永平1、2. 不同居群紫花针茅响应干旱胁迫的生理和分子差异分析[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(4): 439-452.
[2]	庄翠珍, 杜凡, 刘宁, 张辉, 陈勇, 杜小浪. 怒江中游西藏境内干旱河谷荒漠植被特征[J]. Plant Diversity, 2011, 33(4): 433-442.
[3]	杨蕾1, 孙萍2, 林英超2, 唐中华2. 乙烯信号参与调控拟南芥响应PEG模拟的干旱胁迫反应[J]. Plant Diversity, 2010, 32(S17): 89-96.
[4]	杨凤玺1 , 2 , 余迪求1 . 高表达拟南芥miR396 提高烟草抗旱性[J]. Plant Diversity, 2009, 31(05): 421-426.
[5]	王爱英1 , 2 , 姜艳娟1 , 2 , 郝广友1 , 2 , 曹坤芳1 ; . 季节性干旱胁迫对石灰山三种常绿优势树种的水分和光合生理的影响[J]. Plant Diversity, 2008, 30(03): 325-332.
[6]	田美华1 , 2 , 唐安军2 , 3 , 宋松泉4 . 温度和渗透胁迫对细叶鸦葱种子萌发的影响[J]. Plant Diversity, 2007, 29(06): 682-686.
[7]	姜联合，王建中，郑元润. 叶片投影盖度——描述植物群落结构的有效方法[J]. Plant Diversity, 2004, 26(02): 1-3.
[8]	潘瑞炽郑先念温兆清. 土壤干旱期间墨兰的水分生理变化[J]. Plant Diversity, 1994, 16(04): 1-3.