Root hemiparasitism in Malania oleifera (Olacaceae), a neglected aspect in research of the highly valued tree species

doi:10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.003

Abstract

Abstract: Malania oleifera (Olacaceae) is a valued tree species, mostly because its seeds have high precious fatty acid content (particularly nervonic acid). However, seedling mortality rates are often high and regeneration of this tree has been problematic, which greatly hinders its utilization at a large scale. Cultivation difficulties of some tree species in the family Olacaceae have been attributed to their root hemiparasitic habit. Prompted by field observations and the taxonomic proximity of M. oleifera to root hemiparasites in Olacaceae, we hypothesized that tuberous structures observed on the roots of M. oleifera are parasitic organs known as haustoria. To test this hypothesis, we collected root samples from M. oleifera plants of various ages and growth conditions, investigated the morphological and anatomical features of tuberous structures and their connections to neighboring roots. Our analyses confirmed that M. oleifera are root hemiparasites. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical report on root hemiparasitism in M. oleifera. Because life strategies of root hemiparasitic plants differ greatly from autotrophic plants, the root hemiparasitic habit needs to be taken into account for successful seedling regeneration of M. oleifera. This study establishes the foundation for investigations into a long-neglected but essential aspect in research of these highly valued tree species.

Key words: Malania oleifera, Tuberous structures, Haustoria, Root hemiparasitic plants, Olacaceae

Ai-Rong Li, Ping Mao, Yun-Ju Li. Root hemiparasitism in Malania oleifera (Olacaceae), a neglected aspect in research of the highly valued tree species[J]. Plant Diversity, 2019, 41(05): 347-351.

Figures/Tables 6

References 64

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年份 Year	物种 Species	样本类型 Sample type	主要结果 Main result	参考文献 Reference
1987	垂序商陆 Phytolacca americana 苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti Solanum mauritanianum Lycopersicon lycopersicum	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 具有更大的株高和种子数, 种子萌发率更高 Taller, more seeds and seed germination rate with kin plants	Willison et al., 1987
1989	长叶车前 Plantago lanceolata	基因型 Genotype	近亲缘个体共存, 形成较多花序与果实座 More flowers and infructescences with kin plants	Tonsor, 1989
1992	Impatiens capensis	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物生物量更大 Larger biomass with kin plants	Argyres & Schmitt, 1992
2003	Cakile edentula	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物具有更高的株高及生物量 Taller and larger biomass with kin plants	Donohue, 2003
2003	大麦 Hordeum vulgare	基因型 Genotype	近亲缘个体共存, 形成较少根系、更大的叶面积 Less roots and larger leaf area with kin plants	Ninkovic, 2003
2008	Cakile edentula	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物形成较少侧根 Less later roots with kin plants	Dudley & File, 2007
2010	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	浸泡在近亲缘个体根系分泌物中, 形成较少侧根 Less later roots when exposed in the root exudates of kin plants	Biedrzycki et al., 2010
2011	Cakile edentula	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物根冠比更小 Smaller root/shoot ratio with kin plants	Bhatt et al., 2011
2011	Ipomoea hederacea	基因型 Genotype	近亲缘个体共存, 形成较小根系和更多种子 Less roots and more seed with kin plants	Biernaskie, 2011
2013	玉米 Zea may	基因型 Genotype	根叶比随着亲缘关系的渐远而变小 With the increase of genetic distance, root length/leaf area ratio were decreased	Lin, 2013
2014	发草 Deschampsia caespitosa	亲本 Parent	不同亲缘组改变了根系的构型 Root architecture was changed with different kin plants	Semchenko et al., 2014
2014	Distichlis spicata	克隆体 Clone	亲缘组具有更大生物量和较小根冠比 Larger biomass and smaller R/S ratio with kin plants	Mercer & Eppley, 2014
2015	大豆 Glycine max	基因型 Genotype	远亲缘个体共存, 目标植物氮素利用能力显著增强 Higher nitrogen utilization efficiency in target plant with non-kin plants	Xiao et al., 2015
2015	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	近亲缘个体间叶片重叠度小 Less leaf overlap with kin plants	Crepy & Casal, 2015
2011	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	远亲缘个体共存, 目标植物根系病害相关基因表达上调 Up regulation of pathogen-related genes expression in root with non-kin plants	Biedrzycki et al., 2011
2012	豚草 Ambrosia artemisiifolia	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 形成更大菌根网络 Larger mycorrhiza network with near kin plants	File et al., 2012
2012	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	远亲缘个体共存, 目标植物根系防御类蛋白增加 Accumulated defense-related proteins in root with far kin plants	Badri et al., 2012
2013	豌豆 Pisum sativum	克隆体 Clone	远亲缘个体共存, 根系呼吸效率提高 Higher respiratory rate in root with non-self	Meier et al., 2013
2009	Artemisia tridentate	克隆体 Clone	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物虫害程度较小 Less insect attack with near kin plants	Karban & Shiojiri, 2009
2013	Artemisia tridentate	克隆体 Clone	接受近亲缘个体挥发物, 目标植物后续虫害程度较轻 Less insect attack when exposed in volatile of near kin plants	Karban et al., 2013

年份 Year	物种 Species	样本类型 Sample type	主要结果 Main result	参考文献 Reference
1987	垂序商陆 Phytolacca americana 苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti Solanum mauritanianum Lycopersicon lycopersicum	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 具有更大的株高和种子数, 种子萌发率更高 Taller, more seeds and seed germination rate with kin plants	Willison et al., 1987
1989	长叶车前 Plantago lanceolata	基因型 Genotype	近亲缘个体共存, 形成较多花序与果实座 More flowers and infructescences with kin plants	Tonsor, 1989
1992	Impatiens capensis	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物生物量更大 Larger biomass with kin plants	Argyres & Schmitt, 1992
2003	Cakile edentula	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物具有更高的株高及生物量 Taller and larger biomass with kin plants	Donohue, 2003
2003	大麦 Hordeum vulgare	基因型 Genotype	近亲缘个体共存, 形成较少根系、更大的叶面积 Less roots and larger leaf area with kin plants	Ninkovic, 2003
2008	Cakile edentula	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物形成较少侧根 Less later roots with kin plants	Dudley & File, 2007
2010	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	浸泡在近亲缘个体根系分泌物中, 形成较少侧根 Less later roots when exposed in the root exudates of kin plants	Biedrzycki et al., 2010
2011	Cakile edentula	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物根冠比更小 Smaller root/shoot ratio with kin plants	Bhatt et al., 2011
2011	Ipomoea hederacea	基因型 Genotype	近亲缘个体共存, 形成较小根系和更多种子 Less roots and more seed with kin plants	Biernaskie, 2011
2013	玉米 Zea may	基因型 Genotype	根叶比随着亲缘关系的渐远而变小 With the increase of genetic distance, root length/leaf area ratio were decreased	Lin, 2013
2014	发草 Deschampsia caespitosa	亲本 Parent	不同亲缘组改变了根系的构型 Root architecture was changed with different kin plants	Semchenko et al., 2014
2014	Distichlis spicata	克隆体 Clone	亲缘组具有更大生物量和较小根冠比 Larger biomass and smaller R/S ratio with kin plants	Mercer & Eppley, 2014
2015	大豆 Glycine max	基因型 Genotype	远亲缘个体共存, 目标植物氮素利用能力显著增强 Higher nitrogen utilization efficiency in target plant with non-kin plants	Xiao et al., 2015
2015	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	近亲缘个体间叶片重叠度小 Less leaf overlap with kin plants	Crepy & Casal, 2015
2011	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	远亲缘个体共存, 目标植物根系病害相关基因表达上调 Up regulation of pathogen-related genes expression in root with non-kin plants	Biedrzycki et al., 2011
2012	豚草 Ambrosia artemisiifolia	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 形成更大菌根网络 Larger mycorrhiza network with near kin plants	File et al., 2012
2012	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	远亲缘个体共存, 目标植物根系防御类蛋白增加 Accumulated defense-related proteins in root with far kin plants	Badri et al., 2012
2013	豌豆 Pisum sativum	克隆体 Clone	远亲缘个体共存, 根系呼吸效率提高 Higher respiratory rate in root with non-self	Meier et al., 2013
2009	Artemisia tridentate	克隆体 Clone	近亲缘个体共存, 目标植物虫害程度较小 Less insect attack with near kin plants	Karban & Shiojiri, 2009
2013	Artemisia tridentate	克隆体 Clone	接受近亲缘个体挥发物, 目标植物后续虫害程度较轻 Less insect attack when exposed in volatile of near kin plants	Karban et al., 2013

年份 Year	品种 Species	样本类型 Sample type	主要结果 Main result	参考文献 Reference
1985	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thalian	基因型 Genotype	叶面积无显著差异 No significant difference in leaf area	Goodnight, 1985
2004	Triplasis purpurea	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 地上部生物量较小 Lower aboveground biomass with kin plants	Cheplick & Kane, 2004
2009	狭叶羽扇豆 Lupinus angustifolius	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 开花数, 结果数较少 Less flowers and pods with kin plants	Milla et al., 2009
2009	Impatiens pallida	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 形成更多根系, 且叶面积更小, 亲缘共处具有更高根冠比 Higher root biomass, root/shoot ratio and less leaf area with kin plants	Murphy & Dudley, 2009
2010	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	不同亲缘组合, 生物量、荚果数和基因表达没有显著差异 No significant difference in biomass, siliques and gene expression with kin plants	Masclaux et al., 2010
2012	白车轴草 Trifolium repens	亲本 Parent	不同亲缘组合, 叶面积和荚果数均无显著差异 No significant difference in leaf area and pods with kin plants	Lepik et al., 2012
2012	狭叶羽扇豆 Lupinus angustifolius	亲本 Parent	株高、叶面积、生物量、根长各指标均无差异 No significant difference in plant height, leaf area, biomass and root length	Milla et al., 2012
2013	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thalian	基因型 Genotype	目标个体根系向近亲缘个体生长 Root tend to grow near kin plants	Caffaro et al., 2013
2013	水稻 Oryza sativa	基因型 Genotype	目标个体根系向近亲缘个体生长 Root tend to grow near kin plants	Fang et al., 2013

年份 Year	品种 Species	样本类型 Sample type	主要结果 Main result	参考文献 Reference
1985	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thalian	基因型 Genotype	叶面积无显著差异 No significant difference in leaf area	Goodnight, 1985
2004	Triplasis purpurea	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 地上部生物量较小 Lower aboveground biomass with kin plants	Cheplick & Kane, 2004
2009	狭叶羽扇豆 Lupinus angustifolius	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 开花数, 结果数较少 Less flowers and pods with kin plants	Milla et al., 2009
2009	Impatiens pallida	亲本 Parent	近亲缘个体共存, 形成更多根系, 且叶面积更小, 亲缘共处具有更高根冠比 Higher root biomass, root/shoot ratio and less leaf area with kin plants	Murphy & Dudley, 2009
2010	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	基因型 Genotype	不同亲缘组合, 生物量、荚果数和基因表达没有显著差异 No significant difference in biomass, siliques and gene expression with kin plants	Masclaux et al., 2010
2012	白车轴草 Trifolium repens	亲本 Parent	不同亲缘组合, 叶面积和荚果数均无显著差异 No significant difference in leaf area and pods with kin plants	Lepik et al., 2012
2012	狭叶羽扇豆 Lupinus angustifolius	亲本 Parent	株高、叶面积、生物量、根长各指标均无差异 No significant difference in plant height, leaf area, biomass and root length	Milla et al., 2012
2013	拟南芥 Arabidopsis thalian	基因型 Genotype	目标个体根系向近亲缘个体生长 Root tend to grow near kin plants	Caffaro et al., 2013
2013	水稻 Oryza sativa	基因型 Genotype	目标个体根系向近亲缘个体生长 Root tend to grow near kin plants	Fang et al., 2013

纲 Class	生长周期 Growth cycle	种 Species	目 Order	科 Family	属 Genus
双子叶纲 Dicotyledones	一年生 Therophyte	大豆 Glycine max	蔷薇目 Rosales	豆科 Leguminosae	大豆属 Glycine
		狭叶羽扇豆 Lupinus angustifolius	蔷薇目 Rosales	豆科 Leguminosae	羽扇豆属 Lupinus
		豌豆 Pisum sativum	蔷薇目 Rosales	豆科 Leguminosae	豌豆属 Pisum
		Lycopersicon lycopersicum	管状花目 Tubiflorae	茄科 Solanaceae	番茄属 Lycopersicon
		Ipomoea hederacea	管状花目 Tubiflorae	旋花科 Convolvulaceae	牵牛属 Pharbitis
		Cakile edentula	罂粟目 Rhoeadales	十字花科 Cruciferae	海马康草属 Cakile
		拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	罂粟目 Rhoeadales	十字花科 Cruciferae	拟南芥属 Arabidopsis
		Impatiens capensis	无患子目 Sapindales	凤仙花科 Balsaminaceae	凤仙花属 Impatiens
		豚草 Ambrosia artemisiifolia	桔梗目 Campanulales	菊科 Compositae	豚草属 Ambrosia
		苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti	锦葵目 Malvales	锦葵科 Malvaceae	苘麻属 Abutilon
	多年生 Perennial	垂序商陆 Phytolacca americana	中央子目 Centrospermae	商陆科 Phytolaccaceae	商陆属 Phytolacca
		白车轴草 Trifolium repens	蔷薇目 Rosales	豆科 Leguminosae	车轴草属 Trifolium
		长叶车前 Plantago lanceolata	车前目 Plantaginales	车前科 lantaginaceae	车前属 Plantago
		Artemisia tridentate	桔梗目 Campanulales	菊科 Compositae	蒿属 Artemisia
		Solanum mauritanianum	管状花目 Tubiflorae	茄科 Solanaceae	茄属 Solanum
单子叶纲 Monocotyledonea	一年生 Therophyte	水稻 Oryza sativa	禾本目 Graminales	禾本科 Gramineae	稻属 Oryzeae
		大麦 Hordeum vulgare	禾本目 Graminales	禾本科 Gramineae	大麦属 Hordeum
		玉米 Zea may	禾本目 Graminales	禾本科 Gramineae	玉蜀黍属 Zea
	多年生 Perennial	发草 Deschampsia caespitosa	禾本目 Graminales	禾本科 Gramineae	发草属 Deschampsia
		Distichlis spicata	禾本目 Graminales	禾本科 Gramineae	盐草属 Distichlis
		Triplasis purpurea	禾本目 Graminales	禾本科 Gramineae	三重茅属 Triplasis