The Development of Classical Plant Taxonomy and iFlora

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1143.2012.12144

Abstract

Abstract:

The paper briefly introduces four basic parts in classical plant taxonomy: identification, description, nomenclature and classification. First, identification: Interactive identification (like deltaintkey) is one mean of morphological identification; pattern recognition could be applied to photographic identification; the core of species identification is the molecular identification which reveals the hereditary essence of species. Second, description: DELTA System or analogous systems whose language is aligned with logical computer will be the basic language of the nextgeneration Flora (iFlora). Third, nomenclature: the last 20 years have witenessed some challenges and the desire for change of the ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, which is now the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants). Two typical examples are the Draft BioCode and PhyloCode. The attempts will promote the change of nomenclatural rules, which likely to be reflected in iFlora. Fourth, classification: the molecular phylogenetic systems, represented by the APG System (progressing through APGI, II, and III), is becoming the dominant system of plant classification. However, at the species level, the genetic information cannot stand alone for the definition of a species. We need access to comprehensive information of characters, which will also promote the uniting of morphological traits, genetic traits, distribution data and other information. Familiarization with and mastering of these new techniques and ideas are essential. Undoubtedly, this integration will provide an important reference point for the design and compilation of the iFlora. In the coming decade, iFlora will be the embodiment of the achievements of modern plant taxonomy.

Key words: Classical taxonomy, Description, Identification, Nomenclature, Systematics, iFlora

CLC Number:

Q 949，Q 948.2

FANG Wei, LIU En-De. The Development of Classical Plant Taxonomy and iFlora[J]. Plant Diversity, 2012, 34(6): 532-538.

References

Benton MJ, 2000. Stems, nodes, crown clades, and rankfree list: is Linnaeus dead?［J］. Biological Review, 75: 633—648
Cantino PD, de Queiroz K, 2010. International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature. Version 4c. http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode
Chase MW, Hills HH, 1991. Silica gel: an ideal material for field preservation of leaf samples for DNA studies［J］. Taxon, 40: 215—220
Dallwitz MJ, 1974. A flexible computer program for generating identification keys［J］. Systematic Zoology, 23: 50—57
Dallwitz MJ, Paine TA, Zurcher EJ, 2002 Onwards: Interactive identification using the internet. http://deltaintkey.com
De Queiroz K, Gauthier J, 1990. Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names［J］. Systematic Zoology, 39: 307—322
De Queiroz K, Gauthier J, 1992. Phylogenetic taxonomy［J］. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23: 449—480
De Queiroz K, Gauthier J, 1994. Towards a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature［J］. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9: 27—31
Du Rietz, 1930. Fundamental units of biological taxonomy［J］. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 24: 333—428
Ellis B, Daly DC, Hickey LJ et al., 2009. Manual of Leaf Architecture［M］. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
Fuller DQ, Hickey LJ, 2005. Systematics and leaf architecture of the Gunneraceae［J］. The Botanical Review, 71 (3): 295—353
Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, McNelli J et al., 1996. Draft BioCode: The prospective international rules for the scientific names of organisms［J］. Taxon, 45: 349—372
Greuter W, Garrity G, Hawksworth DL et al., 2011. Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms［J］. Bionomina, 3: 26—44
Hawksworth DL, 2011. Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011) ［J］. Bionomina, 3: 24—25
Hickey LJ, 1973. Classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves［J］. American Journal of Botany, 60: 17—33
Hickey LJ, 1979. A revised classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves［A］. In: Metcalfe CR, Chalk L, Anatomy of the Dicotyledon (2nd ed.), vol.1［M］. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 25—39
Hickey LJ, Taylor RW, 1991. The leaf architecture of Ticodendron and the application of foliar characters in discerning its relationships［J］. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 78: 105—130
Jeffrey C, 1982. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy (2nd ed.) ［M］. London: Cambridge University Press
Keller RA, Boyd RN, Wheeler QD, 2003. Illogical basis of phylogenetic nomenclature［J］. Botanical Review, 69 (1): 93—110
Li DZ, Gao LM, Li HT et al., 2011. Comparative analysis of a large dataset indicates that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) should be incorporated into the core barcode for seed plants［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 108 (49): 19641—19646
Li DZ (李德铢), Wang YH (王雨华), Yi TS (伊廷双) et al., 2012. The nextgeneration Flora: iFlora［J］. Plant Diversity and Resources (植物分类与资源学报), 34 (6): 525—531
Lu HF, Jiang W, Ghiassi M et al., 2012. Classification of Camellia (Theaceae) species using leaf architecture variations and pattern recognition techniques［J］. PLoS One, 7 (1): e29704
Metzker ML, 2010. Sequencing technologies—the next generation［J］. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11: 31—46
McNeill J, Brrie FR, Burdet HM et al., 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code): Adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Regnum Vegetabile 146. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag KG
Nixon KC, Carpenter JM, 2000. On the other “phylogenectic systematics” ［J］. Cladistics, 16: 298—318
Runions A, Fuhrer M, Lane B et al., 2005. Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns［J］. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 24 (3): 702—711
Staats M, Cuenca A, Richardson JE et al., 2011. DNA damage in plant herbarium tissue［J］. PLoS One, 6 (12): e28448Stuessy TE, 2000. Taxon names are not defined［J］. Taxon, 49: 231—232Stuessy TE, 2001. Taxon names are still not defined［J］. Taxon, 50: 185—186Wu SG, Bao FS, Xu EY et al., 2007. A leaf recognition algorithm for plant classification using probabilistic neural network［C］. Proceeding of 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology. Cairo.Egypt: ISSPIT: 11—16Yang XY (杨湘云), Cai J (蔡杰), Zhang T (张挺) et al., 2012. The potential contribution of plant DNA barcoding and iFlora to plant germplasm conservation［J］. Plant Diversity and Resources (植物分类与资源学报), 34 (6): 539—545

[1]	Hai-Su Hu, Jiu-Yang Mao, Xue Wang, Yu-Ze Liang, Bei Jiang, De-Quan Zhang. Plastid phylogenomics and species discrimination in the “Chinese” clade of Roscoea (Zingiberaceae) [J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(05): 523-534.
[2]	Urtnasan Mandakh, Munkhjargal Battseren, Danzanchadav Ganbat, Turuutuvshin Ayanga, Zolzaya Adiya, Almaz Borjigidai, Chunlin Long. Folk nomenclature of plants in Cistanche deserticola-associated community in South Gobi, Mongolia [J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(06): 434-442.
[3]	Giuseppe Fenu, Gianluigi Bacchetta, S. Christodoulou Charalambo, Christini Fournaraki, Gian Pietro Giusso del Galdo, Panagiota Gotsiou, Angelos Kyratzis, Carole Piazza, Magdalena Vicens, Maria Silvia Pinna, Bertrand de Montmollin. An early evaluation of translocation actions for endangered plant species on Mediterranean islands [J]. Plant Diversity, 2019, 41(02): 94-104.
[4]	YANG Zhen-Zhen-, CHEN Wen-Hong-, SHUI Yu-Min. Seed Micromorphology and Its Taxonomic Significance of Begonia (Begoniaceae) in China and Vietnam [J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(4): 376-388.
[5]	HE Wei-Ying-, PAN Yue-Zhi. Study on the DNA Barcoding of Genus Ligularia Cass. (Asteraceae) [J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(06): 693-703.
[6]	XIU Zai-Fu. Dai People’s Botanical Knowledge: NomenclatureMeaning and Classification [J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(01): 39-45.
[7]	YU Wen-Bin. Nomenclatural Clarifications of Sinopodophyllum (Berberidaceae) [J]. Plant Diversity, 2014, 36(01): 37-40.
[8]	FANG Wei, LIU En-De. On Plant Species, Population of Type Locality and iFlora [J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 682-686.
[9]	FANG Tao, ZENG Chun-Xia, YANG Jun-Bo-**, LI De-Zhu. Herbarium Collections and iFlora [J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 687-692.
[10]	ZENG Chun-Xia, HE Zheng-Shan, YANG Jun-Bei. DNA Barcoding for Plant Specimen Identification* [J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 693-700.
[11]	HANG Yue-Yu, SUN Xiao-Qin, LI Mi-Mi. Some Considerations on the Establishment of an Essential Database in iFlora [J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 701-705.
[12]	LIU Min-Lu-, YU Wen-Bin-, Wang-Hong. Rapid Identification of Plant Species and iFlora: Application of DNA Barcoding in a Large Temperate Genus Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae) [J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 707-714.
[13]	LI Yan-Chun, WU Gang, YANG Zhu-Liang. DNA Barcoding of Edible Boletes (Boletaceae) from Yunnan, China [J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 725-732.
[14]	Lu Meng-Meng-, CI Xiu-Qin-, YANG Guo-Ping-, LI Jie. DNA Barcoding of Subtropical Forest Trees——A Study from Ailao Mountains Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China [J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 733-741.
[15]	LI Yan-, Wu Ding-, GAO Lian-Ming. Highly Universal DNA Barcoding Primers of ITS2 for Gymnosperms* [J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(6): 751-760.