Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and character evolution of the montane genus Incarvillea Juss. (Bignoniaceae)

doi:10.1016/j.pld.2020.09.002

Abstract

Abstract: The complex orogeny of the Himalaya and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) fosters habitat fragmentation that drives morphological differentiation of mountain plant species. Consequently, determining phylogenetic relationships between plant subgenera using morphological characters is unreliable. Therefore, we used both molecular phylogeny and historical biogeographic analysis to infer the ancestral states of several vegetative and reproductive characters of the montane genus Incarvillea. We determined the taxonomic position of the genus Incarvillea within its family and inferred the biogeographical origin of taxa through Bayesian inference (BI), maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses using three molecular data sets (trnL-trnF sequences, nr ITS sequences, and a data set of combined sequences) derived from 81% of the total species of the genus Incarvillea. Within the genus-level phylogenetic framework, we examined the character evolution of 10 key morphological characters, and inferred the ancestral area and biogeographical history of the genus. Our analyses revealed that the genus Incarvillea is monophyletic and originated in Central Asia during mid-Oligocene ca. 29.42 Ma. The earliest diverging lineages were subsequently split into the Western Himalaya and Sino-Himalaya during the early Miocene ca. 21.12 Ma. These lineages resulted in five re-circumscribed subgenera (Amphicome, Olgaea, Niedzwedzkia, Incarvillea, and Pteroscleris). Moreover, character mapping revealed the ancestral character states of the genus Incarvillea (e.g., suffruticose habit, cylindrical capsule shape, subligneous capsule texture, absence of capsule wing, and loculicidal capsule dehiscence) that are retained at the earliest diverging ancestral nodes across the genus. Our phylogenetic tree of the genus Incarvillea differs from previously proposed phylogenies, thereby recommending the placement of the subgenus Niedzwedzkia close to the subgenus Incarvillea and maintaining two main divergent lineages.

Key words: Biodiversity hotspots, Biogeography, Incarvillea, Molecular phylogeny, Phytools, Stochastic character mapping

Santosh Kumar Rana, Dong Luo, Hum Kala Rana, Shaotian Chen, Hang Sun. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and character evolution of the montane genus Incarvillea Juss. (Bignoniaceae)[J]. Plant Diversity, 2021, 43(01): 1-14.

Figures/Tables 7

References 42

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	灌草混交林地 SG	乔灌混交林地 TS	生态薪炭林地 FF	天然封育草地 RG	生态经济林地 PF	水平农田地 TF
林冠层物种数 Species of canopy layer (CS)	0.00±0.00^c	3.33±0.33^a	0.00±0.00^c	0.00±0.00^c	1.00±0.00^b	0.00±0.00^c
林冠层盖度 Cover of canopy layer (CC) (%)	0.00±0.00^c	56.67±6.89^a	0.00±0.00^c	0.00±0.00^c	40.33±2.91^b	0.00±0.00^c
灌木层物种数 Number of shrub species (SN)	3.33±0.33^a	1.33±0.33^b	2.00±0.00^b	0.00±0.00^c	0.00±0.00^c	0.00±0.00^c
灌木层盖度 Cover of shrub species (SC) (%)	33.15±1.15^b	23.21±1.15^c	43.67±0.88^a	0.00±0.00^d	0.00±0.00^d	0.00±0.00^d
草本层物种数 Number of herb species (HN)	6.00±0.58^b	8.00±0.58^a	9.00±0.58^a	6.67±0.33^b	4.33±0.33^c	3.33±0.33^c
草本层盖度 Cover of herb species (HC) (%)	70.33±3.18^a	67.67±1.45^a	60.00±2.89^ab	49.33±2.96^b	23.67±1.33^c	21.35±3.05^c
枯落物盖度 Cover of leaf litter (LC) (%)	60.12±2.89^ab	66.67±1.67^a	56.62±1.68^b	25.43±1.05^c	23.35±1.68^c	6.53±0.92^d
枯落物厚度 Depth of leaf litter (LD) (cm)	0.37±0.02^b	0.55±0.03^a	0.33±0.03^b	0.19±0.01^c	0.11±0.01^d	0.05±0.01^d
草本层生物量 Herbaceous biomass (HB) (g/m²)	156.41±37.68^a	72.40±7.26^b	72.50±3.95^b	51.27±7.90^b	50.21±1.66^b	18.95±2.09^b
土壤含水量 Soil water content (SW) (%)	21.64±0.32^a	20.71±0.35^a	20.15±0.32^a	14.13±0.57^c	18.01±0.14^b	18.13±0.29^b
海拔 Elevation (ELV) (m)	1,775.00	1,783.00	1,808.67	1,728.33	1,726.33	1,833.00
坡向 Slop aspect (SA)	东北坡Northeast	西南坡 Southwest	西坡 West	西南坡 Southwest	东南坡 Southeast	东北坡 Northeast
坡度 Slop gradient (SG)	10°	15°	23°	21°	8°	12°

	灌草混交林地 SG	乔灌混交林地 TS	生态薪炭林地 FF	天然封育草地 RG	生态经济林地 PF	水平农田地 TF
林冠层物种数 Species of canopy layer (CS)	0.00±0.00^c	3.33±0.33^a	0.00±0.00^c	0.00±0.00^c	1.00±0.00^b	0.00±0.00^c
林冠层盖度 Cover of canopy layer (CC) (%)	0.00±0.00^c	56.67±6.89^a	0.00±0.00^c	0.00±0.00^c	40.33±2.91^b	0.00±0.00^c
灌木层物种数 Number of shrub species (SN)	3.33±0.33^a	1.33±0.33^b	2.00±0.00^b	0.00±0.00^c	0.00±0.00^c	0.00±0.00^c
灌木层盖度 Cover of shrub species (SC) (%)	33.15±1.15^b	23.21±1.15^c	43.67±0.88^a	0.00±0.00^d	0.00±0.00^d	0.00±0.00^d
草本层物种数 Number of herb species (HN)	6.00±0.58^b	8.00±0.58^a	9.00±0.58^a	6.67±0.33^b	4.33±0.33^c	3.33±0.33^c
草本层盖度 Cover of herb species (HC) (%)	70.33±3.18^a	67.67±1.45^a	60.00±2.89^ab	49.33±2.96^b	23.67±1.33^c	21.35±3.05^c
枯落物盖度 Cover of leaf litter (LC) (%)	60.12±2.89^ab	66.67±1.67^a	56.62±1.68^b	25.43±1.05^c	23.35±1.68^c	6.53±0.92^d
枯落物厚度 Depth of leaf litter (LD) (cm)	0.37±0.02^b	0.55±0.03^a	0.33±0.03^b	0.19±0.01^c	0.11±0.01^d	0.05±0.01^d
草本层生物量 Herbaceous biomass (HB) (g/m²)	156.41±37.68^a	72.40±7.26^b	72.50±3.95^b	51.27±7.90^b	50.21±1.66^b	18.95±2.09^b
土壤含水量 Soil water content (SW) (%)	21.64±0.32^a	20.71±0.35^a	20.15±0.32^a	14.13±0.57^c	18.01±0.14^b	18.13±0.29^b
海拔 Elevation (ELV) (m)	1,775.00	1,783.00	1,808.67	1,728.33	1,726.33	1,833.00
坡向 Slop aspect (SA)	东北坡Northeast	西南坡 Southwest	西坡 West	西南坡 Southwest	东南坡 Southeast	东北坡 Northeast
坡度 Slop gradient (SG)	10°	15°	23°	21°	8°	12°

	乔灌混交林地 TS	生态薪炭林地 FF	天然封育草地 RG	生态经济林地 PF	水平农田地 TF
灌草混交林地 SG	0.63	0.67	0.46	0.39	0.49
乔灌混交林地 TS	-	0.61	0.50	0.44	0.39
生态薪炭林地 FF	-	-	0.44	0.45	0.42
天然封育草地 RG	-	-	-	0.52	0.50
生态经济林地 PF	-	-	-	-	0.63

	乔灌混交林地 TS	生态薪炭林地 FF	天然封育草地 RG	生态经济林地 PF	水平农田地 TF
灌草混交林地 SG	0.63	0.67	0.46	0.39	0.49
乔灌混交林地 TS	-	0.61	0.50	0.44	0.39
生态薪炭林地 FF	-	-	0.44	0.45	0.42
天然封育草地 RG	-	-	-	0.52	0.50
生态经济林地 PF	-	-	-	-	0.63

	回归模型 Regression model	r²	P
物种丰富度 Species richness	-11.68 + 5.35 SC + 0.78 HB + 1.64 SW	0.83	0.000^**
个体数量 Abundance of individual	76.80 + 12.23 LD + 3.42 CC	0.72	0.000^**