鄂尔多斯蒙古族可持续利用有毒木本植物传统文化

doi:10.7677/ynzwyj201312129

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有效地、可持续利用有毒植物的传统文化是蒙古族生态文化的一个特色。运用民族生态学、植物分类学和文化人类学的研究方法，分析有毒木本植物可持续利用蒙古族传统文化，探讨了蒙古族有毒植物传统管理文化对鄂尔多斯草原生物多样性保育的积极意义。植物分类学和文化人类学的研究发现，蒙古莸(Caryopteris mongholica)、草麻黄(Ephedra sinica)、沙地柏(Juniperus sabina)、刺叶柄棘豆(Oxytropis aciphylla)和蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)等有毒木本植物为鄂尔多斯蒙古族重要的解毒、食用、美容和治疗皮肤病植物。鄂尔多斯蒙古族有毒植物传统文化具有独特的区域文化特色。生态学分析证明，蒙古族多利用有毒植物地上部分的传统管理文化是草原生态系统免受或降低沙漠化风险的符合生态学规律的传统文化。

关键词: 有毒木本植物, 以毒攻毒的解毒文化, 食用文化, 美容文化, 治疗皮肤病, 蒙古族传统文化, 鄂尔多斯草原

Abstract:

Traditional culture that the effective and sustainable utilization of poisonous plants is one characteristics of Mongolian ecological culture. Applying the methods like ethnoecology, plant taxonomy and cultural anthropology to analyze how Mongolian utilizes poisonous ligneous plants, and discussing about active effects of Mongolian traditional culture of utilizing poisonous plants on biodiversity conservation to grassland ecosystem in the Ordos plateau. The research to plant taxonomy and cultural anthropology found that those poisonous plants, such as Caryopteris mongholica, Ephedra sinica, Juniperus sabina, Oxytropis aciphylla and Prunus mongolica, can be used detoxification culture, eating culture, beauty culture and curing skin diseases. Therein, Ephedra sinica plays an important role on Mongolian nomadic economy and culture. Ordos Mongolian traditional culture of utilizing poisonous plants is distinguished from others’ which are in other areas on Mongolian Plateau and reflects unique regional cultural character. Mongolian traditional managing culture of utilizing plants ground parts, which can diminish, even avoid desertification. Also it is consistent with ecological law and is one of elements which can ensure stable and sustainable development and biodiversity conservation of the Ordos grassland ecosystem.

Key words: Poisonous ligneous plants, Detoxification culture using poisonous plants, Eating culture, Beauty culture, Curing skin diseases, Mongolian traditional knowledge, Ordos grassland

中图分类号:

Q 948

满良1、2. 鄂尔多斯蒙古族可持续利用有毒木本植物传统文化[J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(2): 202-208.

MAN Liang. Mongolian Traditional Sustainable Utilization Knowledge of Poisonous Ligneous Plants in the Ordos Grassland, China[J]. Plant Diversity, 2013, 35(2): 202-208.

参考文献

陈冀胜, 郑硕, 1987. 中国有毒植物［M］. 北京: 科学出版社
陈山, 1984. 应该重视“民族植物学的发展” ［A］. 见: 东北, 内蒙古三省一区植物学会第二届学术交流会论文摘要汇编［C］. 呼和浩特: 辽宁省植物学会, 吉林省植物学会, 黑龙江省植物学会, 内蒙古植物学会
陈山, 满良, 金山, 2000. 蒙古高原民族植物学研究进展［A］. 见: 李承森, 植物科学进展(第3卷) ［M］. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 海德堡: 施普林格出版社, 245—251
陈山, 能乃扎布, 齐宝瑛等, 2002. 蒙古高原及其毗邻地区生物多样性与蒙古族传统文化［A］. 见: 陈山, 哈斯巴根, 蒙古高原民族植物学研究(第1卷) ［C］. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古教育出版社
陈山, 田睿林, 2001. 蒙古民族与草原环境［A］. 见: 刘钟龄, 额尔敦布和, 游牧文明与生态文明［M］. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学出版社, 4—14
富象乾, 1989. 豆科［A］. 见: 马毓泉主编. 内蒙古植物志(第2版)［M］. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古人民出版社
国家中医药管理局中华本草编委会, 2004. 中华本草-蒙药卷［M］. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 138—139
李博, 牛建明, 1990. 鄂尔多斯高原植被［A］. 见: 李博主编. 内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原自然资源与环境研究［M］. 北京: 科学出版社
刘洪先, 汤宗孝, 1985. 四川西部天然草地有毒有害植物的分布及其防除方法［J］. 四川草原, (3): 44—49
卢萍, 2007. 内蒙古三种棘豆属植物中苦马豆素相关因子的研究［D］. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学
马毓泉, 1989. 蔷薇科［A］. 见: 马毓泉, 内蒙古植物志(第2版) ［M］. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古人民出版社
裴盛基, 龙春林, 1998. 应用民族植物学［M］. 昆明: 云南人民出版社, 70—101
任继周, 1957a. 有毒有害植物［A］. 见. 任继周主编. 任继周文集 (第1卷) 草原合理利用与草原类型［M］. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 136—145
任继周, 1957b. 高山草地上常见的有毒植物及其清除［A］. 见. 任继周主编. 2004. 任继周文集第1卷: 草原合理利用与草原类型［M］. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 102—114
史培军, 1991. 地理环境演变的理论与实践［M］. 北京: 科学出版社
史志诚, 1997. 中国草地重要有毒植物［M］. 北京: 中国农业出版社
邢福, 丁海勃, 孔庆德等, 1996. 科尔沁草地有毒植物及其防除［J］. 四川草原, (2): 31—36
邢嘉明, 1980. 中国地貌概述［A］. 见: 中国科学院《中国自然地理编辑委员会》, 中国自然地理——地貌［M］. 北京: 科学出版社
秀敏, 2005. 荒漠植物蒙古扁桃的生物学特性研究［D］. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古师范大学
张昀, 1998. 生物进化［M］. 北京: 北京大学出版社
赵巍, 2009. 草麻黄化学成分研究［D］. 北京: 中国协和医科大学
中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队, 1980. 内蒙古自治区及其东西部毗邻地区天然草场［M］. 北京: 科学出版社
中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队, 1985. 内蒙古植被［M］. 北京: 科学出版社
朱震达, 吴正, 1980. 风成地貌［A］. 见: 中国科学院《中国自然地理编辑委员会》, 中国自然地理——地貌［M］. 北京: 科学出版社
Aba RM, Brito S, 1996. How to study the pharmacology of medicinal plants in underdeveloped countries［J］. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 54 (2-3): 131—138
Chen S (陈山), Saren Gerel (萨仁格日勒), 1985. A glimpse of ethnobotany［J］. Plants (植物杂志), 5: 10—11
Macfoy C, 2004. Ethnobotany and sustainable utilization of natural dye plants in Sierra Leone［J］. Economic Botany, 58 (supplement): S66—S76
Dambijalsen H, 1995. Mongolian Folklore (in Mongolian) ［M］. Shenyang: Liaoning People’s Press
Deng JM (邓建梅), Yang SY (杨顺义), Shen HM (沈慧敏), 2009. Allelopathy of twelve poisonous plants［J］. Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 29 (5): 0867—0873
Dong GY (董光荣), Li BS (李保生), Gao SY (高尚玉) et al., 1983. The Quaternary ancient ecolian sands in the Ordos Plateau［J］. Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报), (4): 450—451
Fu XQ (富象乾), Chang BW (常秉文), 1985. An introduction to the poisonous plants in natural grassland, northern China［J］. Pratacultural Science (中国草原与牧草), (3):18—24
Ge PB (葛鹏斌), Zhao BY (赵宝玉), Tong DW (童德文) et al., 2003. Extraction and fractionation and identification of swainsonine on structure from Oxytropis glabra［J］. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin (中国农学通报), 19 (1): 1—4
Grubov VI, 1999. Plants of Central Asia (Vol.1) ［M］. New Hampshire: Science Publishers
He GQ (何跟泉), Khasbagan S (哈斯巴根), 1999. Preliminary investigation of wild vegetables used by the Mongols in Horqin Left Wing and Middle Banner, Inner Mongolia［J］. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Natural Science Edition in Mongolian) (内蒙古师大学报 (自然科学蒙文版)), (1): 37—41
Hong FZ (洪绂曾), 2005. Importance and urgency of the strategic research of China’s forage industry［J］. Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报), 13 (1): 1—4
Khasbagan S (哈斯巴根), 1990. A preliminary study on plants used as Mongolian traditional tea［J］. Acta Botanica Yunnanica (云南植物研究), 12 (1): 43—48
Khasbagan S, Huai HY, Pei SJ, 2000. Wild plants in the diet of Arhorchin Mongol Herdsmen in Inner Mongolia［J］. Economic Botany, 54 (4): 528—536
Khasbagan S, Soyolt, 2007. Ephedra sinica Stapf (Ephedraceae): the fleshy bracts of seed cones used in Mongolian food and its nutritional components［J］. Economic Botany, 61 (2): 192—197
Kevin DW, Kip EP, Dale RG et al., 2012. The good and the bad of poisonous plants: an introduction to the USDAARS poisonous plant research laboratory［J］. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 8 (2): 153—159
Li ChB (李充璧), Fang TQ (方天祺), Yu HR (于海瑞) et al., 2003. Properties and isolations for ingredients of Stellera chamaejasme L. ［J］. Chinese Journal of Bioprocess Engineering (生物加工过程), 1 (2): 43—45
Li JK (李建科), 2000. Study on the ecological engineering control of harms of poisonous plants in Oxytropis spp. at pasture［J］. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 16 (1): 99—102
Li GL (李国林), He P (和平), Liu XS (刘晓松) et al., 1994. Diagnosing and treatment for sheep poisoned by Prunus mongolica Maxim.［J］. Inner Mongolian Journal of Animal Sciences and Production (内蒙古畜牧科学), (1): 5—8, 25
Li HC (李海朝), Sun HZ (孙慧珍), Xu GY (徐贵钰), 2009. Tibetan paper form Stellera chamaejasme and reclamation poisonous plants in grassland［J］. Journal of Tibet University (Natural Science Edition) (西藏大学学报 (自然科学版), 24 (1): 1—4
Li XW (李小伟), Sun K (孙坤), Ma RJ (马瑞君) et al., 2003. Ganna natural grassland poisonous plants and prevention and cure countermeasures［J］. Pratacultural Science (草业科学), 20 (10): 60—63
Li YJ (李玉俊), Li XR (李新荣), Yang XL (杨喜林), 1991. A study on the character of ecology and physiology of aromatic plantCaryopteris mongolica Bge［J］. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 11 (3): 50—56
Lipp FJ, 1989. Methods for ethnopharmacological field work［J］. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 25 (2): 139—150
Liu SE, 1934. Botanical geography in North and West of China［J］. Contributions from the Institute of Botany, National Academy of Peiping, China, 9: 423—464
Man L (满良), Zhang XS (张新时), Khasbagan S (哈斯巴根) et al., 2007. Study on the Mongolian traditional knowledge of wild edible plants in Ordos Plateau［J］. Acta Botanica Yunnanica (云南植物研究), 29 (5): 575—585
Martin GJ, 1995. Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual［M］. London: Chapman & Hall
Molyneux RL, James LF, 1982. Loco intoxication: indolizidine alkaloids of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) ［J］. Science, 216 (4542): 190—191
She YX (佘永新), Ji SL (纪素玲), Tian FY (田发益), 1997. The main poisonous plants and their control in the natural grassland of Tibet［J］. Pratacultural Science (草业科学), 14 (2): 31—32; 35
Wang JR (王洁如), Long CL (龙春林), 1995. Ethnobotanical study of traditional edible plants of Jinuo nationality［J］. Acta Botanica Yunnanica (云南植物研究), 17 (2): 161—168
Winter S, Penker M, Kriechbaum M, 2011. Integrating farmers` knowledge on toxic plants and grassland management: a case study on Colchicum autumnale in Austria［J］. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20 (8): 1763—1787
Xing F (邢福), Liu WG (刘卫国), Wang CW (王成伟), 2001. Advances of researches on poisonous plants in Chinese grassland［J］. Grassland of China (中国草地), 23 (5): 56—61
Yan HY (闫海燕), Feng RH (冯瑞红), Chen LB (陈利标) et al., 2007. Isolation, identification and insecticidal activities of six terpenoids in Sabina vulgaris［J］. Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报), 27 (1): 163—167
Yan SL (颜世利), Ba H (巴杭), Haji AA (阿吉艾克拜尔), 2004. Studies on the chemical constituents of Achnatherum inebrians［J］. Natural Product Research and Development (天然产物研究与开发), 16 (5): 395—398
Yang LQ (杨利青), Li ZC (李增春), Xiao DH (肖德华) et al., 2006. Study on chemical constituents of volatile oil from Mongolian medicine Artemisia frigida Willd. ［J］. Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities (内蒙古民族大学学报 (自然科学版)), 21 (3): 275—278
Yong SP (雍世鹏), Zhu ZY (朱宗元), 1990. A fundamental characteristics of gobi desert flora in the centre Asia［J］. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Intramongolicae (内蒙古大学学报 (自然科学版)), 2: 241—247
Yu RM (于荣敏), Li X (李铣), Zhang HJ (张海军) et al., 1992. Studies on chemical components of Oxytropis glabra DC.［J］. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 34 (5): 369—377
Zhang AM (张德平), Sun HW (孙宏伟), Wang XK (王效科) et al., 2007. Hulun Buir sandy grassland blowouts (Ⅱ): process of development and landscape evolution［J］. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 27 (1): 20—24
Zhang JS (张建生), Tian Z (田珍), Lou ZC (楼之岑), 1989. Quality evaluation of twelve species of Chinese ephedra (Ma Huang) ［J］. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica (药学学报), 24 (11): 865—871
Zhang X (张兴), Feng JT (冯俊涛), Chen AL (陈安良) et al., 2002. A brief review on insecticidal function of Savin Juniper (Sabina vulgaris) ［J］. Journal of Northwest SciTech University of Agriculture and Forestry（Natural Science Edition) (西北农林科技大学学报 (自然科学版)), 30 (4): 30—34
Zhang XS (张新时), 1994. Principles and optimal models for development of Mu Us sandy grassland［J］. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 18 (1): 1—16
Zhang YR (张源润), Dong RC (董仁才), Mai S (麦硕) et al., 1999. Protection and utilization of Caryopteris mongholica Bunge, one of drought enduring shrub resources［J］. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境), 13 (1): 91—94
Zhu HY (朱海云), Zhang X (张兴), 2009. Preliminary study on the antifungal and herbicidal activities of podophyllotoxin and deoxypodophyllotoxin［J］. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin (中国农学通报), 25 (1): 73—75

[1]	吴昊1、2、3. 基于生态位分化的秦岭松栎混交林建群种共存机制[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(06): 828-836.
[2]	刘海燕1, 杨乃坤2, 邹天才3. 贵州珍稀濒危植物皱叶瘤果茶的种群生态特征研究[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(06): 837-848.
[3]	姚雪芹, 张钦弟, 毕润成. 山西太岳山辽东栎群落林下草本植物功能群分类[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(06): 849-855.
[4]	苏波1、2, 常艳芬1. 西双版纳石松类和蕨类植物资源及其开发利用[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(06): 856-860.
[5]	付瑶1、2、3, 王赟4, 杨永平4、5**, 杨雪飞1、2、3. 西藏东部牧民对藏药植物山莨菪的传统利用及环境适应意义[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(06): 881-890.
[6]	庞莉莉, 李玉双, 陈洁, 孙建云, 王庆亚. 江苏省莎草科植物资源分布特点与应用分析[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(05): 616-628.
[7]	丁鑫1、2, 肖建华1、2. 珍贵木材树种楠木的野生资源调查[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(05): 629-639.
[8]	侯昭强, 周丹, 侯淑娜, 马晨晨, 代俊, 肖之强, 杜凡. 中国藤枣现状研究[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(05): 640-646.
[9]	杜钦, 韦文猛, 米东清. 京族民俗文化中的红树林民族植物学[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(05): 647-654.
[10]	耿彦飞1、2, 杨雅1, 张宇1, 张玲玲1, 王雨华1. 食用植物民族植物学研究进展——基于Web of Science文献计量与知识图谱分析[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(4): 479-490.
[11]	尹志坚, 彭华. 大理苍山种子植物区系的研究[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(03): 233-245.
[12]	刘德团1, 李婉莎2, 和玉龙3, 陈智发1, 黄华1, 高富1, 许琨1, 吴之坤1. 玉龙雪山种子植物资源评价[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(03): 318-326.
[13]	赵明旭, 许建初, Khin Myo Myo, Ridwan Nurdiana Dian, Paudel Ekananda. 西双版纳布龙自然保护区勐宋片区附生维管植物多样性与分布特征[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(03): 327-338.
[14]	顾伯健, 朱华. 云南绿汁江下游河谷季雨林群落学研究[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(03): 339-348.
[15]	景鹏飞, 武坤毅, 龚晔, 韩立敏, 崔浪军. 药用植物细辛在中国的潜在适生区分布[J]. Plant Diversity, 2015, 37(03): 349-356.