Crop wild relatives of Kazakhstani Tien Shan: Flora, vegetation, resources

doi:10.1016/j.pld.2019.10.003

Abstract

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the field study on species composition, geographical distribution, phytocoenotic diversity and resources of crop wild relatives (CWR) in Kazakhstan's ranges of the Tien Shan Mountains. Taxa of not only cultivated genera of crops are taken into account, but also a wider range of species of high socio-economic importance, including medicinal, fodder, essential oil and other species. List of CWR includes 289 species belonging to 39 families and 145 genera. Among them, 9 species listed in the Red Data book of Kazakhstan: Pistacia vera, Rheum wittrockii, Armeniaca vulgaris, Malus sieversii, Allium pskemense, Allochrusa gypsophilloides, Sorbus sibirica, Vitis vinifera and Artemisia cina. The highest plant diversity is recorded in intermountain plains and river valleys where meadow vegetation forms a high abundance of forage and resource plants. The diversity of wild fruit plants is concentrated in gallery forests. CWR of cereals are confined to dry steppe slopes in low piedmont belt. The populations of almond, pistachio, plum and cherry were recorded at dry slopes of low mountain belt. The estimation of the raw material base for 13 resource plants is given. Only Rumex tianschanicus, Berberis sphaerocarpa are recommended for industrial harvesting; for local pharmacy chain — Mentha longifolia, Origanum vulgare, O. vulgare subsp. gracile, Ziziphora clinopodioides, Hypericum scabrum, Hypericum perforatum, and five Rosa species.

Key words: Crop wild relatives, Flora, Vegetation, Resources, Mountains, Kazakhstani Tien Shan

Gulnara T. Sitpayeva, Gulmira M. Kudabayevа, Liliya A. Dimeyeva, Nadezhda G. Gemejiyeva, Polina V. Vesselova. Crop wild relatives of Kazakhstani Tien Shan: Flora, vegetation, resources[J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(01): 19-32.

References

APG IV, 2016. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1-20.
Baitulin, I.O., 2006. Biological diversity of mountain systems in Kazakhstan, balanced use and conservation. In:Proc. Of Conf. on Conservation of Biodiversity of Mountain Ecosystems in Kazakhstan. Almaty, pp. 27-31.
Berlant, A.M., 1997. Geoinformation Mapping. Astreya, Moscow.
Bykov, B.A., 1983. Ecological Dictionary. Nauka, Alma-Ata.
Bykov, B.A., 1978. Geobotany. Nauka, Alma-Ata.
Bykov, B.A., 1980. In the World of Plant Communities. Nauka, Alma-Ata.
CBD, 2010. Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. http://www.cbd.int/gspc/.
Dimeyeva, L.A., Ussen, K., Sultanova, B.M., et al., 2016. Phytocoenotic diversity of mountain ranges and intermountain valleys of the Eastern part of the Northern Tien Shan. In:Proc. of International Conf. "Problems of Botany of South Siberia and Mongolia". Barnaul, pp. 29-33.
Dzhangaliyev, A.D., 1977. Wild Apple of Kazakhstan. Nauka, Alma-Ata.
Dzhangaliyev, A.D., Salova, T.N., 2007. Unique and global importance of the gene pool of the apple forests of Kazakhstan. Reports of NAS RK 5, 41-47.
Dzhangaliyev, A.D., Salova, T.N., Turekhanova, R.M., et al., 2006. Nutwoods of Southern Kazakhstan (importance, protection, use). In:Proc. Of III International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the Memory of Outstanding Botanists of Kazakhstan. Almaty, pp. 182-184.
FAO, 1996. Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/015/aj631e.pdf.
FAO, 1998. The State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://apps3fao.org/wiews/docs/swrfull.pdf.
FAO, 2001. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. www.planttreaty.org/.
FAO, 2010. The Second Report on the State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/seed/sow2/.
FAO, 2014. Strategic plan for the commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture 2014-2023. www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/nr/documents/CGRFA/SP_EN_2014-2023.pdf.
Flora of Kazakhstan, 1956-1966. Nauka, Alma-Ata, 9 vols.
Grudzinskaya, L.M., Gemejiyeva, N.G., Nelina, N.V., et al., 2014. Annotated List of Medicinal Plants in Kazakhstan:Reference Book. IBPh, Almaty.
Grudzinskaya, L.M., Esimbekova, M.A., Gemejiyeva, N.G., et al., 2008. Wild Useful Plants of Kazakhstan (Catalogue). Asyl kitap, Almaty.
Illustrated Guide for Identification of the Plants of Kazakhstan, 1969-1972. Nauka, Alma-Ata, 2 vols.
Ivaschenko, A.A., 2009. Karatau nature reserve. In:Reserves and National Parks of Kazakhstan. Almatykitap, Almaty, pp. 111-123.
Kazakhstan, 1969. Natural Conditions and Natural Resources of the USSR. Nauka, Moscow.
Lavrenko, E.M., Korchagin, A.A., et al., 1959-1976. In:Field Geobotany, 5 vols.Nauka, Moscow, Leningrad.
Manual for identification of plants of middle Asia and Kazakhstan. Fan, Tashkent 9, 1968-1987.
Methodology for determination of medicinal plant reserves, 1986 (Moscow).
Plant Resources of the USSR, 1987. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 26-28.
Ponomarenko, V.V., 1977. Species composition of wild apple trees of the USSR and centers of their genetic diversity. Bot. J. 62 (6), 820-831.
Rachkovskaya, E.I., Volkova, E.A., Khramtsov, V.N. (Eds.), 2003. Botanical Geography of Kazakhstan and Middle Asia (Desert Region). Boston-Spectrum, St. Petersburg.
Red Data Book of Kazakhstan, 2014. Plants, second ed. ArtPrintXXI LLP, Astana.
Relief of Kazakhstan, 1991. Explanatory note to the geomorphologic map of the Kazakh SSR S 1:1500 000. Hylym, Alma-Ata 2, 3-14.
Republic of Kazakhstan. Almaty 1, 2006. Serebryakov, I.G., 1964. Life forms of higher plants and their study. In:Field Geobotany, vol. 3. Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, pp. 146-205.
Sinskaya, E.N., 1966. Doctrine of N.I. Vavilov on historical and geographical centers of development of cultural flora. In:Questions of Geography of Cultivated Plants and N.I. Vavilov. Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, pp. 22-31.
Sitpaeva, G.T., Murzatayeva, T.Sh, Makhmudova, K.Kh, 2014a. In:Organization of the Seed Bank of Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants of Kazakhstan//Abstracts of the Int. Scientific Conf. On Biology and Biotechnology of Plants. Almaty, p. 251.
Sitpaeva, G.T., 2005. Systematic composition and distribution of wild relatives of cereals in the Trans-Volga-Kazakh steppe province. In:Biological Fundamentals of Breeding and Gene Pool of Plants. Almaty, pp. 226-231.
Sitpaeva, G.T., 2006. To the formation of the gene pool of wild relatives of cultivated plants of Kazakhstan. Sci. News. Almaty 90 (3), 171-177.
Sitpaeva, G.T., Esimbekova, M.A., Morgunov, A.I., et al., 2004. Agro-biodiversity of crops in Kazakhstan:the wild species and wild relatives. Bulletin of regional network on introduction of wheat varieties and seed production. Almaty 9 (3), 38-40.
Sitpaeva, G.T., Vesselova, P.V., Gemejiyeva, N.G., et al., 2014b. Complex Studies of Crop Wild Relatives of the Western Tien Shan. Luxe Media Group, Almaty.
Sitpayeva, G., Murzatayeva, T., Inerbayeva, S., et al., 2015. Study and approbation of ex situ conservation methods for preservation of the biodiversity of wild relatives of cultivated plants of Kazakhstan. Am. J. Environ. Prot. Sp. Issue Applied Ecology:Problems, Innovations. 4 (3-1), 117-122.
Smekalova, T.N., 2012. Development of Strategy of Conservation of Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants of Russia in Situ. Vavilov's Institute RAS. http://www.vir.nw.ru/files/ppt/02.04.2012/15.
Vavilov, N.I., 1926. Centers of origin of cultivated plants. In:Proceedings on Applied Botany and Selection, vol. 16, pp. 1-248 (2).
Wulf, E.V., 1987. Cultural Flora of the Globe. Nauka, Leningrad.

[1]	Yan Ke, Feng-Ping Zhang, Yun-Bing Zhang, Wei Li, Qin Wang, Da Yang, Jiao-Lin Zhang, Kun-Fang Cao. Convergent relationships between flower economics and hydraulic traits across aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants [J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(05): 601-610.
[2]	Mahasin Ali Khan, Sumana Mahato, Robert A. Spicer, Teresa E.V. Spicer, Ashif Ali, Taposhi Hazra, Subir Bera. Siwalik plant megafossil diversity in the Eastern Himalayas:A review [J]. Plant Diversity, 2023, 45(03): 243-264.
[3]	Ting-Shen Han, Zheng-Yan Hu, Zhi-Qiang Du, Quan-Jing Zheng, Jia Liu, Thomas Mitchell-Olds, Yao-Wu Xing. Adaptive responses drive the success of polyploid yellowcresses (Rorippa, Brassicaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains, a temperate biodiversity hotspot [J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(05): 455-467.
[4]	Yao-Ke Li, Julian Harber, Chuan Peng, Zhi-Qiang Du, Yao-Wu Xing, Chih-Chieh Yu. Taxonomic synopsis of Berberis (Berberidaceae) from the northern Hengduan mountains region in China, with descriptions of seven new species [J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(05): 505-517.
[5]	Ya-Zhou Zhang, Li-Shen Qian, Xu-Fang Chen, Lu Sun, Hang Sun, Jian-Guo Chen. Diversity patterns of cushion plants on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: A basic study for future conservation efforts on alpine ecosystems [J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(03): 231-242.
[6]	Li-Shen Qian, Hong-Hua Shi, Xiao-Kun Ou, Hang Sun. Elevational patterns of functional diversity and trait of Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) in Hengduan Mountains, China [J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(01): 20-29.
[7]	Wei-Bo Du, Peng Jia, Guo-Zhen Du. Current patterns of plant diversity and phylogenetic structure on the Kunlun Mountains [J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(01): 30-38.
[8]	Aysajan Abdusalam, Reyilamu Maimaitituerxun, Halibinuer Hashan, Gulzar Abdukirim. Pollination adaptations of group-by-group stamen movement in a meadow plant with temporal floral closure [J]. Plant Diversity, 2021, 43(04): 308-316.
[9]	Ran Meng, Ying Meng, Yong-Ping Yang, Ze-Long Nie. Phylogeny and biogeography of Maianthemum (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) revisited with emphasis on its divergence pattern in SW China [J]. Plant Diversity, 2021, 43(02): 93-101.
[10]	Ya-Ping Chen, Cun-Zhong Huang, Yue Zhao, Chun-Lei Xiang. Molecular and morphological evidence for a new species of Isodon (Lamiaceae) from southern China [J]. Plant Diversity, 2021, 43(01): 54-62.
[11]	Yongqian Gao, Jinxuan Zheng, Xiangqun Lin, Fan Du. Distribution patterns of clonal plants in the subnival belt of the Hengduan Mountains, SW China [J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(05): 386-392.
[12]	Robert A. Spicer, Alexander Farnsworth, Tao Su. Cenozoic topography, monsoons and biodiversity conservation within the Tibetan Region: An evolving story [J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(04): 229-254.
[13]	Bin Yang, Min Deng, Ming-Xia Zhang, Aung Zaw Moe, Hong-Bo Ding, Mya Bhone Maw, Pyae Pyae Win, Richard T. Corlett, Yun-Hong Tan. Contributions to the flora of Myanmar from 2000 to 2019 [J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(04): 292-301.
[14]	Mengesha Asefa, Min Cao, Yunyun He, Ewuketu Mekonnen, Xiaoyang Song, Jie Yang. Ethiopian vegetation types, climate and topography [J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(04): 302-311.
[15]	Jian-Fei Ye, Yun Liu, Zhi-Duan Chen. Dramatic impact of metric choice on biogeographical regionalization [J]. Plant Diversity, 2020, 42(02): 67-73.