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Table of Content
01 October 2005, Volume 27 Issue 05
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Fossil History of Some Endemic Seed Plants of East Asia and Its Phytogeographical Significance
ZHOU Zhe-Kun
, Arata Momohara
2005, 27(05): 449-470.
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Endemic elements are crucial for floristic and phytogeographical analysis . The levels of endemicity are important foundation of dividing floristic regions, different floristic ranks based on different endemic levels . The fossil history of endemic families and genera to the East Asia Floristic Kingdom play an
important role in understanding the origin , development and differentiation of this flora kingdom . The fossil history of five endemic families (Cercidiphyllaceae, Eucommiaceae , Ginkgoaceae, Sargentodoxaceae and Treochodendraceae ) and 20 endemic genera ( Cathaya , Cephalotaxus, Corylopsis, Craigia , Cuninghamia, Davidia , Dipteronia , Emmenopterys , Exbucklandia , Fokienia , Fortunearia , Glyptostrobus, Keteleeria , Metasequoia , Pseudolarix, Platycarya , Shaniodendron , Sinowilsonia , Tapiscia , Toricellia and Taiwania) are reviewed . The fossil history shows that these endemic plants have three re
sources, one from Arctic-Tertiary , one boreotropic and one East Asia . This indicates that East floristic combination are a complex in its origin . Above mentioned three elements would be their three of resources. All endemic plants had much wider distributions in geological time . Their distributions were reduced during long geological time and become endemic to East Asia in the late Pliocene or early Quaternary . If the levels of endemism are really important foundation for dividing floristic regions, the time of formation of endemicity would be the time of formation of the floristic regions . The modern East Asia plant kingdom
would be formed in the late Pliocene or early Quaternary .
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Discuss on Some Systematical Problems of Tamaricaceae
ZHANG Dao-Yuan
2005, 27(05): 471-478.
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2689
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In this paper , some systematical problems, including the classification , differentiation , and systematic relationships between genera of Tamaricaceae, are discussed . Tamaricaceae , together with the family Frankenaceae as sister group , is positioned in the Caryophyllales or Caryophyllidae of the Angiospermae. Based on morphological and molecular evidences , we give support to include Hololachna within the genus Reaumuria , and the establishment of the genus Myrtama Ovcz . & Kinz . Tamaricaceae is composed of two tribes: Trib . Reaumurieae Niedenzu and Trib . Tamariceae Niedenzu ( including Tamarix ,Myrtama and Myricaria) , with the genus Tamarix as evolutionary intermediate .
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Characteristics of the Ramet Population of
Epimedium brevicornum
and Analysis of Spatial Point Pattern for
E. brevicornum
and
E. sagittatum
QIAN Bao-Ying, LI Yun-Xiang, LIAO Yong-Mei , ZHANG Ya-Shuang , YANG Zi-Song, FENG Tu
2005, 27(05): 479-488.
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3192
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Epimedium brevicornum was sampled from Jinchengshan , a mountain of Nanchong , Sichuan province at altitudes of 560m, 653 m and 774m respectively for investigation of its ramet population variation. The results showed that the ramet population density decreased remarkably and its ratio of root to shoot increased with increasing elevation e. g, at 774 m the ratio of root to shoot was significantly higher than that at 560 m . The spatial distribution pattern of E . brevicornum at three different altitudes and E. sagittatum at the altitude 771 m were also investigated respectively with Congregation index (m*m) 、Clump index (I)、Cassie index (CA)、Dispersal index (C) and spatial point pattern analysis . The results revealed that the
populations of E. brevicornum was clumped at all of the spatial scales , whereas the population of E. sagittatum was randomly distributed at the small spatial scales, and was clumped at the most spatial scales which ranged from 0. 1 m to 5 m . Finally , we discussed the protection of E . brevicornum and E. sagittatum and advantage to use point pattern analysis in the investigation of the spatial pattern of herb plant .
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Spore Morphology of Pteridophytes from China Ⅵ .Pteridaceae
DAI Xi-Ling
,
, WANG Quan-Xi
, YU Jing
, ZHU Rui-Liang
2005, 27(05): 489-500.
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3569
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The spore morphology of 30 species 4 variety of 2 genera of Pteridaceae from China was investigated under scanning electron microscope (SEM) . Among them, 29 species 4 variety belong to the genus
Pteris
. The spores of
Pteris
are trilete , radiosymmetrical , subtriangular in polar view and hemispherical or subhemispherical in equatorial view . The polar axes are 26 - 54μm long , and equatorial axes are 34 - 97μm long . The perispore is thin and the surface ornamentation is formed by the exospore . The types of ornamentation are tuberculiform-rugulate , verruciform-rugulate or lophate , the spore of most species with the equatoial flange, some species with proximal ridge and distal ridge . The spore morphology of
Pteris
is stable, and the difference between species is distinct , but the features of spore and sporophyte are not related. The spore of
Histiopteris
is monolete and bilaterally symmetrical, elliptical in polar view and kidney-shaped in equatorial view . The polar axes are 22 - 23μm long , and equatorial axes are 29 - 36 μm long . The perispore is thin and the surface ornamentation is formed by the exospore . The surface is rugu
late . The spore morphology of
Histiopteris
and
Pteris
is very differential , put genus
Histiopteris
in family Pteridaceae is not suitable, according to the feature of spore morphology .
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Multicytotypic Populations of
Scilla scilloides
Polyploid Complex Found in Jiangxi , China
DING Kai-Yu , SUN Jing-Xian , WANG Wei, WANG Bing-Yi , WANG Yue-Hua
2005, 27(05): 501-508.
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2517
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Two populations ( located at Sanhu town , Xingan co., Jiangxi province ) of
Scilla
scilloides
polyploid complex were surveyed cytologically , and four cytotypes, BB, BBB, BBBB, and ABBB were observed among two hundred and sixty three individuals . BBBB and ABBB were new records in East Asian continent . Until now, nine of the 12 euploid cytotypes of this polyploid complex have been found in the East Asian continent , which suggests the continent is one of the important locations where the cytotypic differentiation of the complex takes place . The occurrence of ABBB and BBB, but not ABB and aneuploids maybe demonstrates the distribution range of BB have contracted on the continent and Korean peninsula, AABB populations of plants with subglobose bulb have degenerated on the continent since Tertiary , and the mixed populations of BB and AABB are the relicts of populations on the continent , Korean peninsula and Cheju island . The cytotype component similarity in these populations to that in populations on the
Japanese archipelago may show some historical relations between them, but this fact is not able to manifest the hypothesis that this species on the Japanese islands is one of“prehistoric naturalized”plants introduced from China .
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Comparative Anatomy of the Leaves in
Polygonatum
from Anhui Province
LI Jin-Hua , ZHOU Shou-Biao, WANG Chun-Jing , YU Ben-Qi
2005, 27(05): 509-516.
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2757
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The comparative anatomy of the leaves of 7 species in
Polygonatum
Mill . is studied in this paper. The results are as follows: (1) The raphide idioblasts are common in these species from Anhui province , but their number is different each other ; (2) No hairs on epidermis except lower epidermis of
P. odoratum
; ( 3) Stomatal apparatus only distribute in lower epidermis in random and single except
P. ganlandeianense
has both single and two or three get together ; (4) No differentiation of palisade tissue and the spongy tissue in the leaves except
P. anhuiense
and
P. zanlanscianense
have inconspicuous one . ( 5) Some stomatal apparatus characters such as size , type, distribution and shape of surface cells show more or less difference among the species . These characters provide experimental evidence for division of species and systematic evolution relationships of Polygonatum Mill .
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Studies on Leaf Epidermis Micromorphology of
Euphorbia
from Anhui Province
ZHOU Shou-Biao
, MENG Na
, JIANG Ji-Hong
2005, 27(05): 517-524.
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2911
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The leaf epidermis structures of seven species in the genus Euphorbia from Anhui province in China , have been examined with LM and SEM . The shapes of leaf epidermal cells are usually irregular or polygonal and the anticlinal walls are straight , arched , sinuolate, sinuous or sinuate . The stomata apparatus is anomocytic type and some species have simple or multicellular hairs which have neoplasitic process under SEM . And the cuticular membrane of leaf epidermis is scaly or granular under SEM . The result shows significant micromorphological differences of leaf epidermis of the seven species and it is taxonomically helpful for the identification of some species with similar leaf morphology .
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Characters of Leaf Epidermis and Their Systematic Significance in
Glycyrrhiza
LU Jia-Hui , LI Xue-Yu , ZHOU Ling-Ling , WU Ling
2005, 27(05): 525-533.
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The leaf epidermal characters of 10 species, 1 variety (16 samples) in different series of the genus
Glycyrrhiza
are observed with the light microscope under the conditions of epidermal maceration and paraffin section . The stomatal size , density and index were measured and counted . The results show that the shape of leaf epidermal cells are polygonal or irregular , and the anticlinal walls are straight, sinuate or sinuolate . The stomatal apparatuses can be divided into 6 types, most of them are anomocytic, anisocytic and brach paracytic , only one species usually has two to three types of stomatal apparatuses . Trichomes can be divided into two groups , simple trichomes and scales . These characters have some regularity in subdivision of the genus and supraspecific taxon , some differences were also found among species . Therefore these characters are much of signification in identification to subdivision of the genus, and also provide
evidence for studies on systematic relationships of several taxons in genus .
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Chromosome Numbers and Karyotypes of Three Zelkova Species
HE Ping
,
, JIN Xiao-Ling
,
2005, 27(05): 534-538.
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2683
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The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of three
Zelkova
Species from China are reported for the first time . The results are as follows:
Z. schneideriana
Hand .-Mazz ., 2n = 2x = 28 = 14m + 14sm;
Z. serrata
(Thunb .) Makino, 2n= 2x = 28 = 26m+ 2sm;
Z. sinica
Schneid , 2n = 2x = 28 = 20m+ 8sm .
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Study on Karyotypes of Six Species in
Angelica
from Sichuan, China
ZHANG Qiao-Ying
, HE Xing-Jin
, ZHANG Yun-Chun
, LUO Peng
, WU Ning
2005, 27(05): 539-544.
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2734
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Karyotypes of 6 species in
Angelica
L . from Sichuan are studied at population level and the karyotype of
A. pseudoselinum
is firstly reported . It is found that the number of chromosomes are invariably 2n = 2x =22 , with most of them are median and submedian centromeric chromosomes, while subterminal centromeric chromosomes exist in
A. omeiensis
. The majority of karyotypes belong to 2A, and Shihuiyao population of
A. laxifoliata
has 1A types . As for karyotypic formula ,
A. omeiensis
is 2n =22 = 10m+ 2sm+ 10st ,
A. maowenensis
is 2n =22= 16m+ 4sm+ 2sm (SAT) ,
A. sinensis
is 2n = 22 = 14m+ 8sm,
A. apaensis
is 2n = 22 = 14m+8sm, and
A. pseudoselinum
is 2n =22 = 12m+ 8sm+2sm (SAT ) . However, different populations of
A. laxiforliata
don’t have the same karyotypic formulae, and there are some variations between the caryotypes
more or less . According to Stebbins,
A. omeiensis
’s evolution status was showed by the highest index of asymmetry among six species studied in this paper , while
A. laxiforliata
is a little primitive because of its lower index of asymmetry and its 1A caryotypes . However , the morphological, anatomic , karyotypic characters and that of pollen grains are evolving asynchronously , suggesting that, Sichuan as one of the frequency centers of
Angelica
L . in China , is also one of the differentiation centers of
Angelica
L .
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Cloning and Functional Analysis of a Novel Proteinase Omega Promoter from Carica papaya
YANG Ying-Jun
,
, ZHOU Peng
2005, 27(05): 545-551.
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2242
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Proteinase omega was a kind of proteinase in papaya (
Carica papaya
L .) laticifers . A 5′flanking sequence and partial gene sequence of proteinase omega were isolated from the genomic DNA via PCR technology . DNA sequence analysis and homology comparison indicated that it had 96% homology with the proteinase omega gene which had been submitted to GenBank . The two core promoter regions and some upstream regulatory elements in the fragment were analysed using the software of PROMOTER PREDICTION and PLANT CARE . Transcriptional start sites ( TSS) were A, T respectively . TATA-box , CAAT-box , G-box, I-box, AT rich regions and other cis- elements were found in the promoter in identical positions common to all promoter sequence regions . Compared with the data in GenBank , the results
showed that a new promoter was obtained , and its GenBank accession number was AY695444 . Binary vectors were constructed through fusing 1039 bp 5′flanking region of proteinase omega gene with the GUS
gene, Transient GUS expressions were observed in papaya leaves transferred via particle bombardment . GUS activities were detected only in laticiferious cells .
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Induction of Polyploid of
Dendrobium devonianum
LI Han
,
, ZHENG Si-Xiang
, LONG Chun-Lin
2005, 27(05): 552-556.
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2265
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The polyploid breeding technique was used to induce polyploid of
Dendrobium devonianum
, an orchid occurring in the tropics of Yunnan with ornamental and medicinal values . The materials for polyploid breeding were
in vitro
seedlings of diploids . The polyploid plants could be induced in a short time with colchicines as mutagen . It resulted in the best inductive effect to use 0 . 03% colchicines to deal with the in vitro seedlings of diploids for 24 hours . The polyploid plants were different from those of diploids in morphology , stoma diameter , chromosome numbers, and DNA fingerprints . The in vitro seedlings of polyploid plant showed advantageous characteristics such as thicker stems and leaves . It is a successful case to apply polyploid breeding technique into the tropical orchid breeding in China .
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Metabolic Profiling Analysis of Taxanes in
Taxus chinensis
Cell Cultures Elicited by Methyl Jasmonate
ZHAO Chun-Fang, YU Long-Jiang, LIU Zhi , LI Mao-Teng ,
ZHOU Peng-Peng , LI Li-Qin
2005, 27(05): 557-564.
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2764
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Taxus chinensis
cell cultures were extracted with methanol and then prepared by solid-phase extract prior to HPLC or LC-MS analysis . About 13 taxane compounds were identified or characterized by comparisons with LC-MS and standard referents . The profiling analysis of the taxanes by methyl jasmonate (MJ ) elicitation indicated that the relative chromatographic peak areas of all these identified compounds were increased but the increasing rates differed . Taxchinin M and its structural analogue had the highest increment . The increasing rates of taxol, B -Ⅲ and B -Ⅵ were more than that of taxuyunnanine C and its derivatives, which were oxygenated at C-14 . The results suggested that biosynthsis of taxol and its precursors were more sensitive than oxygenated taxanes at C-14 in response to methyl jasmonate elicitations, while MJ may also elicit the formation of non-effective acetylated taxanes which bear acetate groups at C1 ,
C2 , C7 , C9 and C13 . The study may be interesting in metabolic profiling analysis for elucidating taxane biosynthesis .
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Chemical Constituents from
Craibiodendron yunnanense
LI Rong-Tao
,
, LI Jin-Yu
, WANG Jin-Kun
, ZHU Zhao-Yun
, SUN Han-Dong
2005, 27(05): 565-571.
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2955
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Investigation of the chemical constituents of the leaves of
Craibiodendron yunnanense
obtained the isolation of fifteen compounds . Their structures were elucidated as asebotoxin-III ( 1) , grayanotoxin-XVIII (2) , leucothol A ( 3) , proA-4 (4) , quercetin-3-O-β-galactoside ( 5) , quercetin-3-O-α- arabinofuranoside (6) , quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (7) , trihydroxyflavone-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (8 ) , 2 , 4-bis ( 4-hydroxyphengl )-1 , 3- cyclobutane dicarboxglic aicd ( 9 ) , ( Z )-p-hydroxy cinamic acid (10) , ( E )-p-hydroxy cinamic acid (11) , vanillic acid ( 12 ) , 2α, 3β-dihydroxyurs-5 , 12-dien-28-oic acid ( 13 ) , 2α, 3β, 23-trihydroxyurs-12- en-28-oic acid (14) , andβ-stiosterol (15) . Compounds 1 - 4 , and 8 - 14 were isolated from the titled plant for the first time . In addition , compounds 1 - 3 may have
closed relationships with the effects of analgesic .
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Content Variation of Theanine and Gallic Acid in Pu-Er Tea
SHE Gai-Mei , ZHANG Xiang-Lan, CHEN Ke-Ke, ZHANG Ying-Jun, YANG Chong-Ren
2005, 27(05): 572-576.
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2466
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A method for simultaneous analysis of theanine and gallic acid was established by HPLC technique . The content variations of theanine and gallic acid of solar dried green tea of
Camellia sinensis
var.
assamica
and its producing Pu-Er tea were determined by this method . The results showed that the contents of gallic acid significantly enhanced and theanine distinctly reduced in Pu-Er tea . It is noticed that the content of both of theanine and gallic acid are correlative with the producing place and quality of crude materials, as well as with the producing process of the post-fermentation of Pu-Er tea . The mechanism of content variation of theanine and gallic acid was discussed primarily .
